Submarine Volcanoes - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1467 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/08/16 Category Environment Essay Level High school Tags: Volcano Essay Did you like this example? Submarine volcanoes are ruptures on the earths surface that are found underwater from which magma erupts. Volcanic activities on terrestrial land are widespread and accessible for study, and as a result, a lot is known about these activities. However, unlike terrestrial volcanoes, very little is known about submarine volcanic activities (Cashman Fiske, 1991). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Submarine Volcanoes" essay for you Create order It is because underwater volcanic activities, especially deep-sea volcanoes, are not easily detectable using hydrophones since water cannot boil as a result of the high pressure (above 218 atmospheres) exerted at the bottom of the sea. The occurrence of volcanic eruptions in shallow waters results in material being thrust to the air (Submarine Volcanoes Crystalinks, 2018). During an eruption in deep-sea volcanoes, the topmost lava comes into contact with seawater and immediately forms as crust. The underlying lava continues flowing into the crust to form a pillow lava (Submarine Volcanoes Crystalinks, 2018). A seamount is a submerged mountain that forms as a result of this process. Seamounts build up over time and eventually reach the surface of the ocean to form islands such as the Hawaiian Island (Underwater Volcanoes Universe Today, 2018). The most massive underwater eruption ever recorded was the eruption of Havre Seamount in 2012. Many scientists had somehow missed citing the volcano but managed to get the large floating rock that was generated as a result. The rock covered 400 square kilometers before it dispersed (Dockrill, 2018). Submarine volcanoes can be classified into two: those created through the slow discharge and bursting of huge lava bubbles and those formed in a quick explosion of gas bubbles. Lava affects marine life and ecosystems differently than gas which is very important to distinguish the two (Cornell, Templeton, Staudigel, 2016). Scientists have developed techniques that use sounds and images to identify and differentiate between the two types of eruptions. The technology was used successfully in 2009 to observe the West Mata Volcano erupt in several ways. Video and audio were used to study the sounds made by slow lava bursting and the noises made from the release of hundreds of gas bubbles (Cornell, Templeton, Staudigel, 2016). According to Mastin et al., violent eruptions of submerged volcanoes are not just as a result of water mixing with magma. They believe the eruption occurs in two steps: that is, the flow of magma in a channel below the water table followed by the jetting of water through the water surface. This mechanism was evident on 3 April 1977 in Alaska when a hydro magmatic blast was preceded by a lava lake draining and the crumbling of the crater walls. The knowledge of Seamounts has triggered research on various diverse fields including volcanology, geology, geochemistry, physical oceanography, and marine biology among others. Scientists have come up with theories to explain the impact of submarine volcanoes on, among others, tectonic plate movements, stress on underwater lithosphere and chemical composition of Earths mantle. The active undersea volcanoes provide a favorable habitat for various types of fungi. Fungi of unknown species have been found in multiple seamounts. These include hydrocasts near hydrothermal plumes from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge that is found near the Azores and in Paci? ¬?c sea-? ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡oor sediments. Researchers like Gadanho and Sampaio have discovered yeasts from Atlantic plume waters in 2005 leading to the fact that the deep-sea hydrothermal habitat may contain different types of microbial organisms including both eukaryotes and prokaryotes (Cornell, Templeton, Staudigel, 2016). Although the majority of seamounts are extinct, there are many other active submarine volcanoes which scientists continue researching on to be able to understand the way they function. They also try to find new technologies that will make detecting and researching these weird phenomenam easier. Seamounts will continue emerging and may even end up becoming islands which someday humans can live on, just like the Hawaii Islands (Mastin et al., 2004). Some seamounts are circular or conical with a magma chamber within the volcano. Large seamounts often lie above hot spots, which are sections in the deep mantle associated with plumes of molten rock rising and melting through the overlying tectonic plate to supply magma to seamounts. These plumes have a long lifespan, and they continue to melt through tectonic plates passing over them resulting in a series of volcanoes over time. Examples of Islands that were formed as a result of hot spots include The Hawaiian Islands, the Galapagos Islands, the Azores, and the Cobb-Eikelberg (Mastin et al., 2004). Underwater volcanoes greatly influence the shape of the ocean floor. The oceans lithosphere comes under enormous stress from seamounts resulting in deflections. Most published models estimate stress differences between 2 and 3 kbar per kilometer of deviation with maximum values approaching 10 kbar (Lambeck Nakiboglu, 1980). The lithosphere tends to be thinner when loads from seamounts are high and thicken with reduced loads. Models have been developed to explain the lithospheres flexural rigidity by considering forces from the magma below the ocean (Lambeck Nakiboglu, 1980). Observing the activity of active underwater volcanoes, have helped scientists gain a better understanding of the formation, evolution, and composition of large islands such as Hawaii. Studies are however made difficult due to associated high costs as most seamounts form below the oceans surface. Their heights also regularly change, growing as a result of repeated episodes of volcano growth and reducing as due to rapid flank collapse. Often, the rates of change are high and make it difficult to make consistent observations. Variations of up to 630 million cubic meters have been recorded for growth and 110 million cubic meters for collapse (Schmincke, 2013). Seismic swarms are a common phenomena accompanying submarine volcanic eruptions. These earthquakes are have different magnitudes and usually grow stronger as they migrate. Earthquakes rates at less than 2.5 M were recorded to have peaked at 4.4 Metres on El Hierro in 2011 (Schmincke, 2013). Other observations made during this event were a constant vibration, resulting from the fast rise of the magma, changes in the color of the water and hot volcanic bombs hovering on the surface of the ocean. In some cases, the seismic activities resulting from underwater volcanoes reach the dry land and cause tsunamis that result in massive destruction. Coastal regions are at the most significant risk when this occurs (Schmincke, 2013). A tsunami resulting from an underwater explosion back in 1883 was recorded to have caused more than 36000 deaths. The formation and characteristics of the tsunamis formed are influenced by factors such as the amount of flux flowing and the size of the explosion. Cur rently there are no systems designed to deal with tsunamis that result from activities such as submarine explosions. Studies into this underwater activity may provide further insight into the development of more advanced and capable tsunami warning systems. Hydrothermal fluids from submarine volcanoes show significant disparity in the levels of CO2 and pH. Some of the vapor emitted recorded high levels of acidity or alkalinity while others had higher concentrations of CO2. These result in variations in the levels of CO2 and acidity in the water significantly influencing aquatic life. A study of The Kolumbo, however, found that the emissions, which are 99% CO2, were trapped inside a lake inside the crater 350 meters below the ocean surface. It resulted in the emissions having no significant impact on the upper 100 meters of the ocean waters (Karatsolis et al. n.d). Further research has shown that of the CO2 emitted, more than 80% comes from slab sources (Resing et al., 2009). Classification of underwater volcanoes based on their level of hydrothermal activity resulted in 3 groups: strong level, low level, and no action. Strong activity volcanoes are those from which samples taken are concentrated enough to enable identification of the source while concentrations in low activity volcanoes cannot allow for such. Low activity volcanoes are easy to spot, but this gets harder as the activity level continues to diminish (Resing et al., 2009). Most of the underwater volcanic activity takes place deep in the ocean creating a chain of underwater mountains, some of which grow beyond the surface forming islands. The mid-ocean ridge, which extends for thousands of miles below the ocean, is an example. The spread of tectonic plates can explain the high levels of activity in this region. This area alone is said to have more volcanoes than there are on the dry land. The Pacific Ocean alone is estimated to have over 4000 volcanoes. On land, volcanoes have given much insight into the dynamics of submarine volcanoes. The later has however had limited research due to factors such as cost and difficulty in making observations under water. Most volcanic activities in the deep ocean often go undetected as well. It is however evident that these underwater activities have a significant impact on the oceans ecosystem. Its effect may in some cases be felt on land in the form of tsunamis and earthquakes especially where the activities take place close to the land. It is therefore an important area for more research and study to be done.

The CHAOS Manifesto - 1349 Words

The CHAOS Manifesto 2012 is a compilation of view on global project statistics specifically concentrated on the United States and Europe. The report is based on four Standish Services: the CHAOS knowledge center, DARTS (Demand Assessment Requirements Tracking Survey), Executive Sponsor Workshops and Executive Interviews. Although the manifesto concentrates on statistics primarily whereas, the 2012 report talks about the various success factors of an executive sponsor as leadership plays a crucial role in deciding the success or failure of a project. The CHAOS knowledge center collects monthly survey which include 20-25 survey question, the DARTS is an online research instrument. The report is also based on 18 years of CHAOS research on†¦show more content†¦This observation about the importance of the executive sponsor playing a crucial role is the main motivation behind creating this CHAOS Manifesto 2012. The executive sponsor has been defined as the owner of the project. The owner of the project is entitled to the responsibilities of the success and failure of project making him the single most important person in a project. The report moves on to underlining the various factors of success of project. It says that the foremost and the most important factor is the Executive Sponsor. The other factors of success are given as follows: Executive Management Support, the report say that the executive sponsor can be single handedly responsible for success and failure of a project. User Involvement, According to research carried out the lesser the user involvement the higher the chances are that the project will perform poorly. Clear Business Objectives, the report talks about how it’s absolutely essential that the project business objectives align with that of the organization objectives. Emotional Maturity, the factor basically underlines the importance of a good ecosystem to carry out the project. 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Annual Vendor Management in Clinical Trials

Question: Describe about the Annual Vendor Management in Clinical Trials? Answer: Introduction: Clinical trial is a research which requires group of people to examine the safety, tolerance, dose and action of a drug. Clinical trial obeys a pre- planned protocol. Clinical trial is also known as clinical research. Their actions or tissues are needed for the study of clinical research. So, full method is very critical to handle. A set of people or a specific person is required in clinical research. The life process management of vendor for standard procedure is very important in clinical research organization. The vendors are chosen by the pharmaceutical company based on certain criteria. Those criteria can be the proposal of the vendor, evaluation of the proposals, searching a perfect vendor, creating a contract negotiation strategy and analyzing the business requirement. Clinical trial is demanded for the development of new drug in the market. The vendor selection for clinical research is very important. The clinical research takes 10- 20 years to yield a new drug (Diahome.org, 2015). The safety and efficacy of investigational drug is very important. The vendor plays a chief role in the clinical research management. The pharmaceutical company is conducting the whole clinical research plan. And they should select a proper vendor for a specific reason (Clinicaltrialsummit.com, 2015). The protocol, agenda, standard and quality of the vendor should be up to the mark so that the clinical research plan will be executed properly. The criteria of the clinical research should meet the agenda of the vendor. It is important to select a proper vendor for a clinical research to continue the process and the outsource materials. A supporting vendor is needed for the clinical trial. The supporting vendor is called third party vendor. The commitment responsibilities with the vendor should meet throughout the process. So the vendor selection is very important to keep the quality and standard of the outsourcing product (Xtalks.com, 2015). Many companies are using third party vendor for their safety. The services of the clinical research organization, health care technology firms, data management and medical education vendors are recruited by the companies (SOP 02: Evaluation and Selection of a Clinical Trial Proposal for CESAR, 2003). There are some factors to choose a vendor for a clinical trial. The factors that need to be considered for vendor selection are efficacy, security, compliance, contract fulfillment and quality of the vendor. To get a proper result in time a vendor has so many duties. The policies and contracts should meet the criteria which have made primarily (Peace and Chen, 2011). If a vendor is not efficient enough to meet all the criteria at that time, a third party vendor is needed. The vendor activity is regulated for getting more prominent product by the clinical trial. The judgment should evaluate the inclusive performance of a third party vendor by firmly investigating their attachment to constitutional responsibilities and the potential of their procedure and controls (Progress in clinical trial, 2004). The third party vendor assessments are review of contract terms against work performed, program management, testing of selected documentation, on site audits of vendors, investigator eligibility and payments, compliance with the policies, procedures and practices of the company, compliance with the regulatory guidelines, accuracy of billing and invoices. All the materials used in the clinical trial are supplied by the vendors. So it is very important to choose a proper vendor for outsourcing. The vendor should choose according to the business needs. A suitable vendor selection is very important for a clinical trial management to get a proper result. There are some benefits for outsourcing models. And the benefits are previous relationship, preselected plan, understands our needs and efficiency. There are also some risks for outsourcing models. The risks are stuck in a poor relationship, not getting the best technology or the newest, higher price due to the lack of competitive tender. First the resource requirements are determined. After that outsourcing requirements are determined. After determining the ongoing vendor research is started. The vendor is contracted initially. After the agreement the request for proposal documents are prepared. The request for proposal document is sent to vendors. The document is evaluated by vendors. The contract reward is made and monitoring the contract. Conclusion: The vendor selection for clinical research is very important. Clinical trial is increasing in difficulty. Vendor is agency or person that markets services or goods to other company or someone in economical manufacture chain. In clinical trial vendor acts an important role. The vendor is chosen by the pharmaceutical company based on some criteria. Vendor qualification, contracts and selection are major thing for a clinical trial. The agenda of the vendor is fulfilled by the company so that they can contract with the company. References: Clinicaltrialsummit.com, (2015).CHI's Fourth Annual Vendor Management in Clinical Trials Conference - part of Clinical Trial Oversight Summit. [online] Available at: https://www.clinicaltrialsummit.com/Vendor-Management-Clinical-Trials/ [Accessed 10 Mar. 2015]. Diahome.org, (2015).CRO - Clinical Vendor Oversight: Vendor Life Cycle Management for Quality and Performance. [online] Available at: https://www.diahome.org/en/Meetings-and-Training/Find-Meetings-and-Training/Meeting-Details.aspx?ProductID=2124278EventType=In-Company%20Training [Accessed 10 Mar. 2015]. Oversight Summit. [online] Available at: https://www.clinicaltrialsummit.com/Vendor-Management-Clinical-Trials/ [Accessed 10 Mar. 2015]. [Accessed 10 Mar. 2015]. Peace, K. and Chen, D. (2011).Clinical trial methodology. Boca Raton: Chapman and Hall/CRC Press. Progress in clinical trial. (2004).Clin Cardiol, 27(6), pp.364-368. SOP 02: Evaluation and Selection of a Clinical Trial Proposal for CESAR. (2003).Onkologie, 26(Suppl. 6), pp.5-10. Xtalks.com,. (2015).Managing Vendors: Tips and Tricks for Pharma-Biotech Companies-Get What You Need While Cutting Costs. Retrieved 11 March 2015, from https://xtalks.com/xto426swiftwater.ashx

PSYCHOLOGY AND LANGUAGE Essays - Linguistics, Cognition,

PSYCHOLOGY AND LANGUAGE APPLIED LINGUISTIC 139636517907000 Group Name : MARISYE FITRI K (14432013) ALFIYAH (14432014) ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF GRESIK 2017 PREFACE Assalamualaikum Wr. Wb Alhamdulillahhirobil'alamin gratitude we pray that the presence of Allah SWT has given grace and guidance to us all, so that we can finish this paper which titled "Psychology and Language - Applied Linguistics " As a teacher we should have professionalism. But only professional is less, we should always upgrade and refresh our ability and our knowledge in teaching world. We should always develop our professionalism every time. We can studying with any media such as book, internet, or our friend's experience, etc. We are indebted and would like to thank the lecturer who always provide direction and guidance to facilitate the preparation of this paper. And to friends who have given us the spirit and encouragement so that this paper can be resolved. Hopefully this paper can be useful to readers in general and we beg criticism and suggestions for better progress. Wassamu'alaikum Wr. Wb. Gresik, April 5 th , 2017 Writer TABLE OF CONTENT Cover........................................................................................................................i Preface.....................................................................................................................ii Table of Content..............................................................................................iii Background......................................................................................................4 Social Psychological Factors...........................................................................5 Conclussion......................................................................................................6 References................................................................................................................7 BACKGROUND The main area of overlap between linguistics and psychology is in the domain known as psycholinguistics. The field expanded in the 1960s as a response to the intellectual excitement generated by the work of Chomsky. Then the question of what linguistics a psychologist needed to know was relatively clear. As the goal for psychologists of language was to investigate the psychological reality of grammars, notably transformational grammar, then clearly psychology courses needed to provide students with a sufficient grounding in Chomskian syntax to evaluate the evidence. This fairly direct mapping between linguistics and psychology held sway for a number of years. Over time psychologists became less enthused by this direct relationship between the concerns of linguistics and psychology. From the later 1970s onward the range of research questions which psycholinguists wished to address widened and depended far less on a direct relationship with linguistics. This made it harder to define the linguistics that a psychologist needed to know. The leading US psychologist Kintsch (1984) advocated a new approach to the relationship between psychology and linguistics. He asserted that psychologists need to draw on linguistics, but he emphasised that this must be guided by the phenomena of study. For Kintsch, interested in how people understand complete texts, there is little of relevance in theories of sentence syntax but much to be learned from text linguistics. This pragmatic approach to the relationship between psychology and linguistics has implications for the curriculum. Altmann (1997) describes the relationship between linguistics and psycholinguistics. 'Linguistics provides a vocabulary for talking about the ways in which sentences are constructed from individual words and the ways in which words themselves are constructed from smaller components ... psycholinguistics attempts to determine how these structures ... are analysed to yield meaning ... If linguistics is about language, psycholinguistics is about the brain.' Psychologists then need to learn at least enough linguistics to have this systematic vocabulary and conversely linguists need to have a grasp of cognitive processes and their possible neural underpinnings. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS In general, during the past two decades, research in second language learning increased as a result of advance in the areas of general linguistics, psycholinguistics, and cognitive psychology. It is now clear that psychological and sociological factors occupy a major role in second/foreign language learning. The cogn itive approach is important but not sufficient; it has to b e accompanied with an affective approach. It was R.C. Gardner (1958) who first indicated that studies held to predict achievement in a second language lacke d the incorporation of personal characteristics such as interest, motivation and effort. He suggested the idea of laun ching studies which account for the ignored motivational v ariables and test whether these are independent of the aptit ude factors. Brown (1973) talks of a need to establish secon d language acquisition theories and methods based on both cognitive and affective principles. Ernest Hilgard go es further to say that unless a role is assigned to affecti vity, purely cognitive theories of learning would be rejected (cited