Civil rights outline Essay Example For Students

Social equality layout Essay OutlineCivil Rights: The Changes That Happened, The Changes That Didnt, and Those That Did Their Best to Prevent Them From Happening. A.The battle for fairness has been a fight battled for many years. Archives, for example, The Declaration of Independence, going back to 1776, express that all men are made equivalent, and among these are Life, Liberty, and the quest for joy. B.Surely we realize that in truth all men were not seen as equivalent since issues, for example, bondage and white predominance existed just as separation gives that despite everything exist somewhat today. C.In 1865, The thirteenth Amendment was set up which canceled bondage, however didn't allow blacks fairness. D.Government was still incredibly one-sided when meeting to make Amendments. They were cited as saying We hold this to be a legislature of white peopleto advantage white peopleand no Africans can be a U.S. citizenE.Even however subjection was abrogated with the thirteenth Amendment, issues, for example, Black Codes and the battles of the Freedmens Bureau were certainly present and consuming solid. F.Inequality was exhibited when the Freedmens Bureau conceded all liberated slaves 40 sections of land of land and a donkey. Our President right now, Andrew Johnson, unequivocally couldn't help contradicting the Freedmens Bureau and felt that the freedmen didn't merit the land they were given, so he took it back. G.Violence turned into a method of managing the social equality issues. Blacks were lynched every day and 1000 were killed in the province of Texas alone for different violations in which they were not permitted to guard themselves in a courtroom. H.Johnson accepted he had reestablished the Union however Congress differ and started to understand that the individuals who were once slave proprietors were presently in intensity of the new and transformed states and little change has happened. This lead to Congress developing the Civil Rights Bill of 1866, which gave resident boat to all conceived in the U.S. I.Johnson couldn't help contradicting the Civil Rights Bill and vetoed it, yet he was later overroad by a Congressional choice which was the first run through in history this has occurred. J.The fourteenth Amendment was included characterizing citizenship and requested equivalent assurance under the law. The fifteenth Amendment was likewise included which conceded Black men the option to cast a ballot. K.Many were still paired to rise to rights and to the laws being made and decided to stand firm. From this gatherings, for example, the Ku Klux Klan and the Mississippi Plan created to threaten blacks. Sources: Bittker, Boris I. The Case for Black Reparations. New York: Random House, Inc., 1973. Horn, Stanley F. Imperceptible Empire. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1939. Katz, William Loren. The Ku Klux Klan Impact on History. Washington, DC: Open Hand Publishing Inc., 1986. Vogelgesang, Sandy. American Dream Global Nighmare. New York London: W.W. Norton ; Company, 1980. Withylaw. A Short History of American Civil Rights Laws http://www.withylaw.com/history.htm. Gotten to February 20, 2002. Social equality Law and History http://www.usdoj.gov/kidspage/crt/crtmenu.htm. Gotten to February 22, 2002. Ross, Diane. Standard People Living Extraordinary Lives, http://www.usm.edu/mcrohb/html/compact disc/intro.htm. Gotten to February 22, 2002

Scarlet Letter Essay Paper Example For Students

Red Letter Essay Paper In Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter, life is revolved around an inflexible Puritan culture in which one can't unveil hisor her deepest contemplations and privileged insights. Each individual needs the chance to communicate how the individual in question genuinely feels, in any case the feelings are suppressed until they become unpredictable. Shockingly, Puritan culture didn't allow this sort of articulation, in this way characters needed to look for interchange intends to calm their own anguishes and wants. Fortunately, at any rate for the four fundamental characters, Hawthorne gives such a haven as the baffling backwoods. Hawthorne utilizes the woodland to give a sort of sanctuary to citizenry needing an asylum from day by day Puritan life. In the profound, dull parts of the timberland, a considerable lot of the significant characters deliver shrouded musings and feelings. The woodland track leads from the settlement out into the wild where all indications of human progress evaporate. This is definitely the getaway course from exacting orders of law and religion, to a shelter where men, just as ladies, can open up and act naturally. It is here that Dimmesdale transparently recognizes Hester and his undying adoration for her. It is additionally here that Hester can do likewise for Dimmesdale. At long last, it is here that both of them can transparently participate in discussion without being engrossed with the requirements that Puritan culture puts on them. The backwoods itself is the very encapsulation of opportunity. No one watches in the forested areas to report mischief, subsequently it is here thatpeople may do as they wish. To autonomous spirits, for example, Hester Prynnes, the wild coaxes her: Throw off the shack les of law and religion. What great have they done you in any case? Take a gander at you, a youthful and energetic lady, developed old before your time. Furthermore, no big surprise, fixed in, as you seem to be, on each side by disallowances. Why, you can barely stroll without stumbling more than some rule. Come to me, and be masterless. (p.186) Truly, Hester exploits this, when Arthur Dimmesdale shows up. She straightforwardly converses with Dimmesdale about subjects which could never be referenced in wherever other than the timberland. What we did she reminds him, had its very own sanctification. We felt it so! We said to one another! This announcement stuns Dimmesdale and he advises Hester to quiet, yet he in the long run understands that he is in a domain where he can straightforwardly communicate his feelings. The idea of Hester and Dimmesdale having a cozy discussion in the bounds of the general public where they live is unimaginable. However here, in the backwoods, they can d iscard all hesitance lastly act naturally under the umbrella of security which exists. In Puritan culture, independence is worried among numerous different things. Nonetheless, confidence is more than focused on it is expected. It is accepted that you need just yourself, and in this manner ought to have no passionate need for a comforting presence. By and by, for individuals in the stations of life which Hester and Dimmesdale hold, it would be incomprehensible for them to comfort one another. However, in the backwoods, these considerations are hurled away. Be thou solid for me, Dimmesdale argues. Encourage me what to do. (p. 187) This is a sob for help from Dimmesdale, at long last conceding he can't experience this trial without anyone else. With this supplication comes a fascinating kind of job inversion. When Dimmesdale requests help, he is done supporting the conviction that he is above Hester. He is at last conceding that she is an equivalent, or even that she is above him. This is perhaps one reason that Puritans wont acknowledge these passionate showcases in light of the fact that the general public is so socially situated. Hester, expecting another situation of intensity, gives a sincere, moving dis course. The expressiveness of her words can't be overemphasized, and an all the more impressive proclamation still couldn't seem to be made in the book. Hesters discourse ends up bearing a surprising likeness to one of Dimmesdales lessons. Start all once more! Lecture! Compose! Act!(p. 188) The inquiries she pose are additionally similar to the eloquent inquiries which Dimmesdale would present during his messages. The appropriate response is self-evident, yet upon closer assessment they appear to give startling outcomes. Whither leads there backwoods track? In reverse to the settlement, thou sayest! Yea; however ahead, as well! More profound it goes, and more profound into the wild until, nearly not many miles consequently, the yellow leave will show no remnant of the white keeps an eye on track. (p. 187) If one ganders at the title of this part, the importance turns out to be much more clear. ThePastor and His Parishioner uncovers that the jobs are presently turned around. What oth er place could an ambiguity, for example, this happen, however inan tolerating condition? What other stage is there for a man of high respect in the network to pour his spirit to a lady who isshunned by people in general for a grave sin? No place else however in the backwoods, could such an occasion happen. .u3c34468820ce05f817ad10a6c5b0cdb2 , .u3c34468820ce05f817ad10a6c5b0cdb2 .postImageUrl , .u3c34468820ce05f817ad10a6c5b0cdb2 .focused content region { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u3c34468820ce05f817ad10a6c5b0cdb2 , .u3c34468820ce05f817ad10a6c5b0cdb2:hover , .u3c34468820ce05f817ad10a6c5b0cdb2:visited , .u3c34468820ce05f817ad10a6c5b0cdb2:active { border:0!important; } .u3c34468820ce05f817ad10a6c5b0cdb2 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u3c34468820ce05f817ad10a6c5b0cdb2 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; darkness: 1; change: haziness 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u3c34468820ce05f817ad10a6c5b0cdb2:active , .u3c34468820ce05f817ad10a6c5b0cdb2:hover { mistiness: 1; progress: obscurity 250ms; webkit-progress: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u3c34468820ce05f817ad10a6c5b0cdb2 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relativ e; } .u3c34468820ce05f817ad10a6c5b0cdb2 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content beautification: underline; } .u3c34468820ce05f817ad10a6c5b0cdb2 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u3c34468820ce05f817ad10a6c5b0cdb2 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content embellishment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3c34468820ce05f817ad10a6c5b0cdb2:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u3 c34468820ce05f817ad10a6c5b0cdb2 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u3c34468820ce05f817ad10a6c5b0cdb2-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u3c34468820ce05f817ad10a6c5b0cdb2:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Life Essay SummaryFinally, the backwoods draws out the characteristic appearance and common character of the individuals who use it accurately. When Hestertakes off her top and loosens her hair, we see a renewed individual. We see the genuine Hester, who has been concealed this entire time under a shield of disgrace. Her eyes develop brilliant and a flush goes to her cheek. We perceive her as the Hester from Chapter 1. The excellent, appealing individual who isn't hesitant to give her hair and not reluctant to show her magnificence. The daylight, which recently disregarded Hester, presently searches her out, and the timberland appears to sparkle. Dimmesdale has additionally returned to life, if just for a brief timeframe, and he is currently cheerful and lively. We have not seen this from Dimmesdale for quite a while, and in all probability won't see it until the end of time. Puritan culture can be brutal and devastating to ones internal identity. Hawthorne made the backwoods to give the characters a spot toescape and express their actual musings, convictions, and feelings. It was here that contemplations and thoughts streamed as interminably as the prattling creek, and feeling was as wild as the woods itself. There are no limitations in the regular world, since it is only that, common. No interruption from individuals implies no unsettling influence in the common request, and along these lines serves to bring its occupants from their reality, and into this more seasoned one. I trust Michel Eyquem de Montaigne expressed it most unequivocally when he said Let us license nature to have her direct ion: she comprehends her business better than we do.

100 Must-Read Books for Understanding U.S. Social Policy

100 Must-Read Books for Understanding U.S. Social Policy It’s almost impossible to turn on the news in the United States without encountering a discussion of some program or policy that is impacting the country’s social fabric. These conversations focus on housing, health, education, and other issues that many people in the U.S. have experience with â€" for example, many of us have gone to public schools or had to navigate health insurance coverage. But having experience with a system doesn’t mean you have the full picture of it, and to become better informed, what better place to turn than books? There’s not one universal definition for “social policy,” but it tends to encompass the kinds of issues that impact people’s health, welfare, and well-being. Some of the examples I included on this list are topics like poverty, housing, the justice system, health care, and education. It will come as no surprise that even among experts, these topics spur disagreement and debate. The varying viewpoints make it important to consider and read these books with a critical eye, though I’ve tried to note context that’s particularly relevant, such as a year of publication or an author with a vested interest. Despite the fact that I stuck with books focused on the United States, the list is broad in terms of style, including memoirs, historical accounts, journalistic endeavors, and even fiction and picture books at the end. It also captures a range of issues, with books discussing everything from the problems with privatization of the K-12 education system to the media’s role in making some people think low-income families are choosing iPhones over health care. But of course, there are certainly books and topics that didn’t fit on the list â€" feel free to drop them in the comments below! How the Other Half Lives by Jacob Riis. Its worth noting in an age of camera phones and Instagram that is was in part the photographic evidence of life in New York City slums that connected with readers when Riis book was published in 1890. But Riis words about income stratification and the broad social impacts of poverty are also relevant 127 years after the publication of his book. $2.00 a Day: Living on Almost Nothing in America by Kathryn J. Edin and H. Luke Shaefer. In addition to being an accessible analysis of what has changed in the social safety net over the course of the last 20 years, $2.00 a Day is a good introduction to social programs meant to support low-income and no-income families. The combination of data, research and real life stories from across the country make for a compelling and educational read. Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America by Barbara Ehrenreich. Theres a good reason Ehrenreichs journalistic memoir of her time spent in low-wage jobs is probably the best known non-fiction book out there about work, wages, and poverty: its readable and informative, and despite the fact that it was originally published in 2001, its distressingly still accurate in many ways. Hand to Mouth: Living in Bootstrap America by Linda Tirado. Revolutionary as Nickel and Dimed was, even Barbara Ehrenreich says Linda Tirados story is the real thing. The frustration is evident all through Tirados book, which tells the story of what its like to be educated, hard-working, and still left behind by social policy in the United States. The Divided Welfare State: The Battle over Public and Private Social Benefits in the United States by Jacob S. Hacker. Hackers book is a little on the academic side, so it may not be a great book to start with if youre new to social policy reading. But if youre looking to dig deeper, he shines a light on the under-discussed relationship between public social programs and private social benefits like employer-sponsored health insurance and pension programs. The Undeserving Poor: Americas Enduring Confrontation with Poverty by Michael B. Katz. One of the most important and least discussed factors in developing social policy is the way people in the United States view the poor. We associate poverty with laziness or ignorance or irresponsibility, and it impacts who we think of as worthy or deserving of public support. Katz traces the history of those views and attitudes and the way it has impacted policies and programs. A People’s History of Poverty in America by Stephen Pimpare. Similar to Katz, Pimpare considers views of the poor as well as the way that when were offering support through public programs or private charity, we often do so in a way that diminishes the dignity of those we are supporting. Pimpares book discusses the reality of living in poverty, and challenges those presumptions. The Working Poor: Invisible in America by David K. Shipler. As Shipler points out in his introduction, working poor should be an oxymoron or at least it should according to the notion prevalent throughout American history that anyone in the country can do or be anything as long as he or she is willing to work hard. The profiles within Shiplers book demonstrate that working poor is, in fact, the reality for many people. When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor by William Julius Wilson. William Julius Wilson looks at the issue of poverty through a slightly different lens, separating the issue of joblessness in urban neighborhoods from the issue of poverty, and focusing on the former. Specifically, When Work Disappears considers the devastating effects of the inner-city ghetto environment and the way they extend to employment. The Price of Inequality: How Todays Divided Society Endangers Our Future by Joseph E. Stiglitz. Inequality is not just problematic on a moral or ethical level it also has an economic impact. Nobel Prize-winning economist Joseph E. Stiglitz makes the case in this book that in order for the U.S. economy to thrive, that inequality cannot continue to be fostered by policy and politics. Why Americans Hate Welfare: Race, Media, and the Politics of Antipoverty Policy by Martin Gilens. In another book focused on the stigma and stereotypes Americans have of the poor, Martin Gilens looks specifically at media representation and its inclination to racialize welfare by over-representing black Americans as recipients of the program. The Color of Wealth: The Story Behind the U.S. Racial Wealth Divide by Barbara Robles and Betsy Leondar-Wright. We often look at financial security as an issue of income, but The Color of Wealth focuses instead on the importance of wealth and assets, as well as the history of how U.S. policy has contributed to a wealth gap between white Americans and just about everyone else. Those Who Work, Those Who Dont: Poverty, Morality, and Family in Rural America by Jennifer Sherman. Jennifer Shermans book offers some specific insight on the decline of a California logging community that was economically devastated by a 1990 ruling that severely limited logging in the area. As job opportunities dried up, the lack of work had a broad and lasting impact. Refinery Town: Big Oil, Big Money, and the Remaking of an American City by Steve Early. The fact that Bernie Sanders wrote the foreword to this book about policy change at a local level stamps it as political, but the core of Refinery Town is the story of people in Richmond, CA who decided they wanted something different for their town and then fought for it. As the saying goes, all politics is local, and its often true with social policy as well. Hillbilly Elegy by J.D. Vance. If youre interested in a different lens on local politics and policy, youll get it with Hillbilly Elegy. J.D. Vances memoir got a lot of political attention last year, but its real value is in the perspective it offers on rural poverty and the complicated relationship some small, struggling towns have with government. Men We Reaped: A Memoir by Jesmyn Ward. Readers who flocked to Hillbilly Elegy to understand rural poverty would do well to broaden their understanding on the topic by also reading Jesmyn Ward’s Men We Reaped. Wards memoir tells her story of growing up poor in rural Mississippi, discussing and analyzing how economic strife combined with race leading to the violent deaths of her brother and four other young black men she knew, all within the span of five years. City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles by Mike Davis. Originally published in 1990, City of Quartz traces the history of Los Angeles and considers how the shifting dynamics of power and leadership impacted the lives and success of the citys residents. A Prayer for the City by Buzz Bissenger. In another in-depth analysis of local policy and government, Buzz Bissengers 1997 A Prayer for the City offers a close-up view of the work done by Philadelphia Mayor Edward G. Rendell, as well as the way his policies impacted four Philadelphians. The Short and Tragic Life of Robert Peace: A Brilliant Young Man Who Left Newark for the Ivy League by Jeff Hobbs. The United States is supposed to be a place where people can escape their circumstances and where cycles of poverty can be broken. It doesnt always work that way, and The Short and Tragic Life of Robert Peace is one story about some of the reasons why not. United by Cory Booker. Bookers book is, without a doubt, a political memoir, and carries all the associated baggage. But his experience living in a low-income housing development while working as a tenants rights attorney gives him a unique perspective on urban communities. Gang Leader for a Day by Sudhir Venkatesh. Sudhir Venkatesh did more than study urban poverty he immersed himself in it. Specifically, he abandoned his cold and distant, abstract and lifeless seminars at the University of Chicago in order to get up close and personal with gangs, drug trade, and the economic systems that arise when the more common labor markets are inaccessible. Our America: Life and Death on the South Side of Chicago by LeAlan Jones, Lloyd Newman, with David Isay. Published in 1997 and drawn almost entirely from reporting done for NPR by teenagers LeAlan Jones and Lloyd Newman in Chicago in the 1990s, Our America provides an exceptionally candid view of life in urban housing developments. Evicted: Poverty and Profit in the American City by Matthew Desmond. Many of the non-fiction books that most successfully connect with a broad audience feature research and data along with personal stories of how that information impacts real people. Evicted, one of the most critically acclaimed books of 2016 does just that in the way it looks at issues of poverty and housing security. The Politics of Public Housing: Black Womens Struggles against Urban Inequality by Rhonda Y. Williams. Grounded in dozens of interviews, Rhonda Y. Williams tells the story of poor black women who have lived in low-income housing, challenging stereotypes that have defined these women for too long, and, hopefully, replacing them with a better understanding with real, multi-dimensional people these women are. Making the Second Ghetto: Race and Housing in Chicago 1940-1960 by Arnold R. Hirsch. First published in 1983, Hirschs book tells the story of how strategies used by ethnic, political, and business interests contributed to the intentional segregation of Chicago that still exists in many ways today. Not in My Neighborhood: How Bigotry Shaped a Great American City by Antero Pietila. Racism unquestionably impacted the development and implementation of housing policies in the U.S., and Not in my Neighborhood explains some of the ways how by looking at housing policy in Baltimore from the 1880s into the early 2000s. From the Ground Up: Environmental Racism and the Rise of the Environmental Justice Movement by Luke W. Cole and Sheila R. Foster. Per the EPA, environmental justice is the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income, with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies. Cole and Foster trace the history of the movement, from grassroots activism to a 1994 executive order. Failed Promises: Evaluating the Federal Governments Response to Environmental Justice edited by David M. Konisky. Failed Promises, a set of articles explaining the failure of the federal government to live up to its promise of environmental justice is dense, academic analysis for those looking to learn more about where and why federal policy has fallen short. The Death and Life of Great American Cities by Jane Jacobs. A book about urban planning originally published in 1961 might seem like a strange pick for this list. But sometimes addressing social issues from a different angle presents different opportunities. In this case, Jane Jacobs argued that intentionality in designing and developing cities can positively impact housing, safety, and the economic health of a community. Whats the Matter with Kansas by Thomas Frank. Originally published in 2004, Franks best-selling book doesnt focus on a specific social issue, but rather teases out an important part of the policy context: why people sometimes support political candidates or policies that are not in their best personal interest. How and whether people understand the implications of a policy is often the most important part of the policy-making process. Dog Whistle Politics: How Coded Racial Appeals Have Reinvented Racism and Wrecked the Middle Class by Ian Haney López. Also focused on the context in which policies are being developed, Dog Whistle Politics considers the ways in which racism surreptitiously adapts, and   the way politicians have taken advantage of that phenomenon to develop and implement policies that have negatively impacted middle class Americans of all races. White Rage by Carol Anderson. Better understanding the context of social policy in the United States certainly requires a better understanding of the many ways it has been impacted by race. In White Rage, Anderson traces the racism in policy, and in particular the way political leaders have worked to twist policies and legislation to adversely impact African Americans. Negroland: A Memoir by Margo Jefferson. Class and wealth are major parts of the social policy context, and Margo Jeffersons memoir delves into the topic of class in the Black community. Negroland tells her story of growing up in Negroland, a small region of Negro America where residents were sheltered by a certain amount of privilege and plenty.' The Way Forward: Renewing the American Idea by Paul Ryan. Whether or not you agree with Ryan politically, reading a book by someone in a powerful position to shape policy offers some key insight into what their legislative priorities are. Specifically, his memoir explains that Ryan is focused on the debt and deficit, which impacts the way he approaches spending. As with all politicians, however, its important to consider the information they present in the context of their experience and expertise. The Fractured Republic by Yuval Levin. On the same theme of the importance of context, the political philosophy in Yuval Levins The Fractured Republic suggests that the way forward for the U.S. is to refocus on the middle layers of society families and communities, schools and churches, charities and associations, local governments and markets. Its a different view of conservatism than is currently at the forefront of American policy, but it may be the way of the future. Women, Policy and Politics: The Construction of Policy Problems by Carol Lee Bacchi. Ive mostly tried to avoid textbooks on this list, because they tend to be less accessible both in terms of content and in terms of cost. But one of the most knowledgeable, intelligent people I know recommended this book first when we were talking about social policy books, so I figured I could find a slot for a book focused on the work and process of unpacking policy issues. White Trash: The 400-Year Untold History of Class in America by Nancy Isenberg. Historian Nancy Isenbergs book considers the unofficial class structure that has marginalized poor, white Americans for hundreds of years, as well as the modern day implications of that history. The Unwinding: An Inner History of the New America by George Packer. The Unwinding is essentially a collection of sketches of a variety of people some famous, most not whose stories, when taken together, illustrate the shift in the American social system over the course of the last generation. The structure is a unique way to capture the changing political landscape in the U.S. When Affirmative Action Was White: An Untold History of Racial Inequality in Twentieth-Century America by Ira Katznelson. By examining the way New Deal programs were designed to disproportionately support white Americans while leaving black Americans behind, Ira Katznelson presents a new way to understand the most significant social programs of the last century as well as the social inequalities they fostered. Please Stop Helping Us: How Liberals Make It Harder for Blacks to Succeed by Jason L. Riley. In Please Stop Helping Us, Riley outlines the many ways that social programs implemented (in theory) to support black Americans actually end up being counter-productive. Riley highlights minimum wage laws, affirmative action in higher education, and other examples of methods that arent having the intended effect. Nobody: Casualties of Americas War on the Vulnerable, from Ferguson to Flint and Beyond by Marc Lamont Hill. Marc Lamont Hill uses Nobody to demonstrate the way police violence is connected to other incidences of state violence, such as the lack of clean drinking water in Flint MI. The larger, more visible events demonstrate more subtle patterns and policies of authority that allow some citizens become disempowered, disenfranchised, poor, uneducated, exploited, vulnerable, and disposable. Limbo: Blue-Collar Roots, White-Collar Dreams by Alfred Lubrano. Several of the authors on this list challenge the notion that people from working class backgrounds can transition into professional class jobs and lives. Lubrano points out that even those who can make that transition are often ill-prepared to fit into the social norms and culture of their new white-collar world. Americas Bitter Pill: Money, Politics, Backroom Deals, and the Fight to Fix Our Broken Health Care System by Steven Brill. In 2013, TIME dedicated an entire issue to Steven Brills analysis of the health care system in the US. This book expands on that award-winning article, and its one of the best introductions out there for those trying to learn why American health care is so complicated and contentious. Sick: The Untold Story of Americas Health Care Crisis and the People Who Pay the Price by Jonathan Cohn. Jonathan Cohns engaging analysis of the health care system is most useful from an historical perspective; given that the book was originally published in 2007, you wont find the term Obamacare anywhere in it. But with that context in mind, its still worth reading for anyone who is trying to better understand why many elected officials of all political affiliations agree that the system in place in the early 2000s is not one to which we can return. The American Health Care Paradox: Why Spending More is Getting Us Less by Elizabeth H. Bradley and Lauren A. Taylor. Bradley and Taylor tell readers up front in the forward of this book that their goal isnt to advance a political agenda, but rather to better understand the economic side of the investments the U.S. is making in health care. Their research on the costs in our system was motivated in large part by a concern central to Americans of all ideological persuasions: maximizing the return on investment of our national expenditures. The Healing of America: A Global Quest for Better, Cheaper, and Fairer Health Care by T. R. Reid. No matter how you feel about the health care system in the US, you likely know that its different in many ways from the systems in other industrialized democracies. The Healing of America is T.R. Reids explanation of how other countries are able to design and run health care systems that are universal, affordable, and effective. The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down: A Hmong Child, Her American Doctors, and the Collision of Two Cultures by Anne Fadiman. Throughout this list, there are dozens of books that make the connection between race or culture and how we experience the American social framework. 1997s The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down deals with that connection and in this case, conflict explicitly by telling the story of a Hmong refugee family trying to work with a California system in California in order to treat their daughter. Being Mortal by Atul Gawande. Atul Gawandes critically acclaimed best-seller isnt as obviously tied to social policy as some of the books on this list, but Gawande challenges readers to think about what we want from our medical system and health care in a way that could impact the way that we think about health policy and spending. Reinventing American Health Care: How the Affordable Care Act will Improve our Terribly Complex, Blatantly Unjust, Outrageously Expensive, Grossly Inefficient, Error Prone System by Ezekiel Emanuel. I thought about skipping the subtitle on this one because its ridiculously long, but readers deserve to know that this book is openly making the case for what we colloquially know as Obamacare. You should also know that Emanuel is the brother of Rahm Emanuel, a chief-of-staff in the Obama White House. But Emanuel is also a well-respected bioethicist, and, interestingly, one of the only democrats who was consulting with President Trump and Speaker Ryan as they worked for passage of their proposed replacement bill. Dying and Living in the Neighborhood by Prabhjot Singh. For some people, the complicated U.S. health care system is only one barrier to a healthy life. Prabhjot Singh considers the impact that place and specifically neighborhood dynamics can have on public health outcomes. Teeth: The Story of Beauty, Inequality, and the Struggle for Oral Health in America by Mary Otto. Lack of access to dental care is one of the most far-reaching social issues that gets the least attention: Kids with tooth pain cant focus in school. Adults without visibly healthy teeth have more trouble getting jobs (and, as a result, cant get dental insurance). Otto considers the history and implications of divorcing oral health from the rest of our health care system. Dreamland: The True Tale of Americas Opiate Epidemic by Sam Quinones. In this award-winning book, Sam Quinones examines what he argues are two of the leading causes of the U.S. opiate crisis: the marketing and distribution of OxyContin in the 1990s, and the influx of black tar heroin from Mexico. American Pain: How a Young Felon and His Ring of Doctors Unleashed America’s Deadliest Drug Epidemic by John Temple. John Temple goes deeper into one of the stories of the pain pill addition epidemic in his book about American Pain, a Florida mega-clinic expressly created to serve addicts posing as patients. Chasing the Scream: The First and Last Days of the War on Drugs by Johann Hari. British journalist Johann Hari set out to answer his questions about drug-use, addiction, the War on Drugs, and policy alternatives. After three years, 30,000 miles, and 9 countries, he wrote Chasing the Scream to explain what he learned and how different the answers he found are from what he expected. Unequal Under Law: Race in the War on Drugs by Doris Marie Provine. Unequal Under Law considers one of the specific issues of racial disparity in the justice system the War on Drugs. Tracing story of the anti-drug movement over the course of the 20th century, Doris Marie Provine explains how both manifest and latent racism have shaped U.S. drug policy. A Pound of Flesh: Monetary Sanctions as Punishment for the Poor by Alexes Harris. A Pound of Flesh considers the counterproductive practice of requiring fines and other monetary restitution from people who dont have money, further perpetuating racial and economic inequality. From the War on Poverty to the War on Crime: The Making of Mass Incarceration in America by Elizabeth Hinton. Elizabeth Hintons book demonstrates the inter-related nature of social issues by explaining how, since it emerged from within the War on Poverty and alongside it, this long War on Crime has today positioned law enforcement agencies, criminal justice institutions, and jails as the primary public programs in many low-income communities across the United States. Just Mercy: A Story of Justice and Redemption by Bryan Stevenson. Bryan Stevensons best-selling and critically-acclaimed memoir uses his personal experiences and stories as an attorney to demonstrate the phenomenon of racial bias in the justice system in the United States, as well as conveying some hope for change and real justice in the system. The First Civil Right: How Liberals Built Prison America by Naomi Murakawa. How did we get to the failed criminal justice system we have today? There are, as with any other issue of this magnitude, many contributing factors, but Naomi Murakawa challenges some of the popular notions by arguing that Democratic Presidents who enhanced the federal role in the prison system are, in large part, responsible. The New Jim Crow by Michelle Alexander. Its hard to overstate the importance of The New Jim Crow, which details the insidious ways in which racism continues to permeate social policy and systems. As Alexander argues that We have not ended racial caste in America; we have merely redesigned it. Incarceration Nations: A Journey to Justice in Prisons Around the World by Baz Dreisinger. Incarceration Nations is not another research-filled run-down of the many ways in which the U.S. criminal justice system has failed. As Michelle Alexander says in a Washington Post review, The book reads much like a rambling, yet frequently insightful diary entry as (Dreisinger) roams the globe. But even without deep expertise on the topic of prisons, Baz Dreisnger can tell that the U.S. could be doing something differently. Burning Down the House: The End of Juvenile Prison by Nell Bernstein. Based on research and interviews, Nell Bernsteins book makes the case that the juvenile incarceration system is failing on just about every measure its expensive, its not safe, its one of the most glaring example of racial injustice our nation has to offer, and the children within the system are more likely to be locked up as adults. No Matter How Loud I Shout: A Year in the Life of Juvenile Court by Edward Humes. As important as the education system in the U.S. is, unfortunately a significant number of children in this country also interact with the juvenile court system. Edward Humes 1996 book, available now with an introduction and afterward updated in 2014, is an important critique of a judicial system in disarray. Shattered Bonds: The Color Of Child Welfare by Dorothy Roberts. Shattered Bonds shines a spotlight on a pressing issue within a pressing issue race disparity in the foster care system. As Roberts says in her introduction, Black children remain in foster care longer, are moved more often, receive fewer services, and are less likely to be either returned home or adopted. A damning indictment of a system that needs better support and new strategies. To the End of June: The Intimate Life of American Foster Care by Cris Beam. Part memoir, part sociological analysis, To the End of June balances Beams personal story as a foster parent (and as a kid who probably should have been in the system) with research and study of the child welfare system as a whole. All the while shes searching for reasons why we cant take better care of some of our countrys most vulnerable children. The Tragedy of Child Care in America by Edward F. Zigler. Child care is a huge issue for most working families. Ziglers book is a little wonky, and readers should note that it pre-dates significant federal policy changes in child care that have been made since 2014, but it still gives a good grounding of the complex issues at play in a wide-reaching system. Unequal Childhoods: Class, Race, and Family Life by Annette Lareau. Those who are interested in the ways that home life impacts the education and development of children should consider reading Unequal Childhoods. The research-based book is a little dense, but it offers an important context for social systems interact with families at home or at baseball practices or piano lessons. Savage Inequalities: Children in Americas Schools by Jonathan Kozol. Jonathan Kozols 1991 book chronicles his journey through 30 different school districts and the chasm he found between the high-quality public schools for wealthy families and the public schools for the poor that were overcrowded and understaffed, and lacked the basic elements of learning. The stories are now 30 years old, but unfortunately not much has changed in terms of the disparities. Inequality in the Promised Land: Race, Resources, and Suburban Schooling by R. Lewis-McCoy. Inequality in the Promised Land focuses on research Lewis-McCoy did on disparities within one, well-resourced suburban school district. Specifically, the book considers the hows and whys of inequality related to systemic issues that run deeper than just a lack of funding and resources. Pushout: The Criminalization of Black Girls in Schools by Monique W. Morris. Morriss book focuses on the punitive school discipline that disproportionately affects black girls in schools and the impact it has both on their education and their lives outside of the school system. Reign of Error: The Hoax of the Privatization Movement and the Danger to Americas Public Schools by Diane Ravitch. For all of the conversation about failing American schools, its hard to know exactly what is wrong and how it can be fixed. Diane Ravitch, a historian of education, has been writing about education in the U.S. for decades, and Reign of Error discusses where policies from Presidents Bush and Obama went wrong and where we need to focus to improve a system that is, in her argument, not as badly broken as some would have you believe. The Prize: Whos in Charge of Americas Schools by Dale Russakoff. Anyone who prefers a more story-focused narrative might consider reading The Prize to learn more about the realities of the education system and the challenges inherent in trying to create change. Russakoff, a long-time journalist, tells the story of Mark Zuckerbergs $100 million donation to the Newark school district and what happened when he partnered with Mayor Cory Booker and Governor Chris Christie to try to transform the schools. The Smartest Kids in the World: And How They Got That Way by Amanda Ripley. The education system seems to be one of the realms in which were most likely to compare our progress (or lack thereof) to other countries test scores, graduation rates, etc. Amanda Ripley goes behind those numbers, following three American exchange students to Finland, South Korea, and Poland and learning about what elements contribute to student success. Other Peoples Children: Cultural Conflict in the Classroom by Lisa Delpit. In some ways, Lisa Delpits discussion of cultural conflict and assumptions in classrooms is more relevant to teachers, administrators, and parents than policy-makers. But education policy in particular is made at many levels local, state, and federal and anyone involved in those policies has a responsibility to understand what goes on in classrooms and how it impacts the education system broadly. The New Kids by Brooke Hauser. In The New Kids, Brooke Hauser tells the stories of five immigrant and refugee teenage students at The International High School at Prospect Heights in Brooklyn. Coming from China, Tibet, Sierra Leone, Yemen, and Burma, the students are deal with complicated and unusual personal circumstances in a setting familiar to most of us a high school. Warriors Dont Cry by Melba Pattillo Beals. In this memoir, Beals tells the harrowing story of her experience being one of the first teenagers to integrate Central High School in Little Rock, AR in 1957. In addition to being a rare glimpse into an important historical moment, the books detailing of the physical and psychological punishment faced by Beals and her classmates is an essential reminder that a failure to successfully and in this case safely implement a policy can have devastating consequences. All You Can Eat: How Hungry is America? by Joel Berg. Bergs book works first to demonstrate the hunger is a shockingly prevalent part of life for low-income and no-income Americans including tens of millions of children. He then goes on to propose a detailed plan for how government, which is the only entity with the size, scope, resources, and yes, the legitimacy to effectively address the problem, can do so. Sweet Charity?: Emergency Food and the End of Entitlement by Janet Poppendieck. There is great value in private charitable assistance, whether it is from churches, non-profit agencies, or individuals. However, Janet Poppendieck argues that, at least in the case of food assistance, reliance on private means results in the deterioration of systemic support. In her words, that this massive charitable endeavor serves to relieve pressure for more fundamental solutions. Begging for Change: The Dollars and Sense of Making Nonprofits Responsive, Efficient, and Rewarding for All by Robert Egger. Whatever the ideal balance of private and public support is, the reality is that there will always be a role for organizations like Robert Eggers DC Central Kitchen. Begging for Change is Eggers story of that nonprofit as well as an analysis of how the application of more results-driven principles can change the social support structure. Foodopoly: The Battle Over the Future of Food and Farming in America by Wenonah Hauter. Wenonah Hauter owns an organic farm, so she certainly doesnt write this book from an entirely impartial perspective. But her explanation of the larger food system in the United States from subsidies to lobbyists to big business allows for a more comprehensive understanding for how that system can contribute to food deserts and food insecurity. What We Have Done: An Oral History of the Disability Rights Movement by Fred Pelka. The Americans with Disabilities Act is one of the most important laws in American history, particular in terms of inclusion and access. Fred Pelka tells the story of that law and the activists who fought for it. Death in the Haymarket: A Story of Chicago, the First Labor Movement and the Bombing that Divided Gilded Age America by James Green. Its difficult to understand social policy outside of the historical context from which it came. A lot can be learned about current labor laws and policies from the labor rights movements of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and the Haymarket affair is an important part of that history. Triangle: The Fire That Changed America by David von Drehle. Triangle further expounds on labor history, detailing the tragic factory fire that killed 146 workers many of them women and/or immigrants in 1911. The fire highlighted the horrible conditions under which these people worked, shining a national spotlight that helped spur legislation and factory-worker unions. From the Jaws of Victory: The Triumph and Tragedy of Cesar Chavez and the Farm Worker Movement by Matthew Garcia. One of the most important labor movements of the last 50 years has been the fight for rights for farm workers. Cesar Chavez and the United Farm Workers union are perhaps the most recognizable names from that movement, and Matt Garcias book details both their success and their eventual shortcomings. Slavery by Another Name by Douglas A. Blackmon. At the same time that the Haymarket Affair and the Triangle Shirtwaist factory fire were raising awareness of labor conditions for immigrants and other factory workers, black male convicts had no way to escape the government-run programs for the kind of involuntary servitude that had ostensibly been made illegal by the 13th Amendment. Save Our Unions by Steve Early. Save Our Unions is a compilation of various articles and essays Steve Early, who has worked as an organizer, strike strategist, and labor educator, has written in his work reporting on the labor movement and unions. The Residue Years by Mitchell S. Jackson. An award-winning autobiographical novel, Mitchell S. Jacksons The Residue Years is the story of a family trying to break the cycles of poverty and addiction. (Fiction) Lyddie by Katherine Paterson. Set in the mid-19th century, Patersons book includes elements of debt, sexual harassment, poverty, and horrifying working conditions. But at the heart of it, its a story about power and more specifically, what it is like to be without power. There may be no theme more central to social policy. (Fiction) The Jungle by Upton Sinclair. The best known legacy of Upton Sinclairs classic is the way it impacted the regulation of food. But The Jungle also paints a devastating picture of working conditions and the exploitation of immigrants in the early 20th century. (Fiction) The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven by Sherman Alexie. In the prologue to the 20th anniversary edition of Sherman Alexies modern classic short story collection, Alexie tells his friend Jess Walter, Oh, boy, do I still feel like a class warrior in the literary world. In the whole world really. These stories are drenched in poverty and helplessness. It would be foolish of me offer a better explanation for why these stories are important than that. (Fiction) Pictures of Hollis Woods by Patricia Reilly Giff. Pictures of Hollis Woods may not teach you a lot about the administration and day-to-day practice of the child welfare system, but its an engaging story that can help introduce younger readers to feelings of being untethered, alone, and responsible that are often familiar to children without a stable family and home. (Fiction) Ragged Dick by Horatio Alger. The U.S. sure loves a rags-to-riches story, and Horatio Alger might have been the king of them. Like many of Algers books, Ragged Dick tells the story of a bootblack who, through hard word and gumption, ascends to a higher class. These kinds of books feed an overly simplified narrative that is nevertheless a cornerstone of American social policy. (Fiction) The Language of Flowers by Vanessa Diffenbaugh. Recommended to me by a friend who works in child welfare, The Language of Flowers is the story featuring a young woman who struggles in the foster system and then ages out. The backdrop of the system and the way it has impacted the main character could provide some new insight to readers unfamiliar with the struggles foster youth face into their adult lives. (Fiction) Crenshaw by Katherine Applegate. Yes, Crenshaw features an imaginary friend in the form of a giant cat. But the heart of it is a 10-year-old trying to manage the helplessness and uncertainty of housing insecurity. In an effort to fully represent the chronic stress that affects children dealing with homelessness, author Katherine Applegate talked with students and staff of the Monarch School in San Diego, which serves exclusively students impacted by it. (Fiction) The Turner House by Angela Flournoy. Angela Flournoys widely acclaimed debut novel puts complex social issues like housing and debt into one of the most complicated and inescapable contexts of all family. (Fiction) A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry. Lorraine Hansberrys award-winning play about money, housing, and who is allowed access to the American Dream was written nearly 60 years ago, but it remains as relevant today was it was when it premiered on Broadway in 1959. (Fiction) Brave Girl: Clara and the Shirtwaist Makers Strike of 1909 by Michelle Markel, illustrated by Melissa Sweet. A non-fiction picture book, Brave Girl tells the story of Clara Lemlich and her fight for labor rights for girls and women in the early years of the 20th century. Lemlich was a Jewish immigrant and one of the many examples of American women whose stories are undertold. (Picture book) Separate is Never Equal: Sylvia Mendez Her Familys Fight for Desegregation by Duncan Tonatiuh. Tonatiuhs book on the battle to desegregate California schools in 1940s with the ruling finally coming seven years before the national Brown v. Board of Education ruling is a perfect teaching tool. Its essentially a history lesson in 40 illustrated pages, which include the accessible story, an authors note with more historical information, a glossary of terms, a bibliography, and an index. (Picture book) A Shelter in our Car by Monica Gunning. According to the National Center on Family Homelessness, approximately 2.5 million children in the US will experience homelessness sometime this year. It can be hard to wrap your mind around that number, but Monica Gunnings straightforward writing turns a staggering number into a personal story with which readers can instantly connect. (Picture book) Click, Clack, Moo: Cows that Type by Doreen Cronin, illustrated by Betsy Lewin. I know, I know. This is a book about cows. But labor rights are a pretty heavy topic, as is social policy on the whole. Click, Clack, Moo brings a little levity to the issue, while still illustrating the value of organized labor. You know, just in case you need a warm-up to The Jungle. (Picture book)

Aristotle on Democracy and Government

Aristotle, one of the greatest philosophers of all time, a teacher of world leader Alexander the Great, and a prolific writer on a variety of subjects we might not think related to philosophy, provides important information on ancient politics. He distinguishes between good and bad forms of ruling in all the basic systems; thus there are good and bad forms of the rule by one (mon-archy), a few (olig-archy, arist-ocracy), or many (dem-ocracy). All Government Types Have a Negative Form For Aristotle, democracy is not the best form of government. As is also true of oligarchy and monarchy, rule in a democracy is for and by the people named in the government type. In a democracy, rule is by and for the needy. In contrast, rule of law or aristocracy (literally, power [rule] of the best) or even monarchy, where the ruler has the interest of his country at heart, are better types of government. Best Fit to Rule Government, Aristotle says, should be by those people with enough time on their hands to pursue virtue. This is a far cry from the current U.S. drive towards campaign financing laws designed to make the political life available even to those without well-endowed fathers. It is also very different from the modern career politician who derives his wealth at the expense of the citizenry. Aristotle thinks rulers should be propertied and leisured, so, without other worries, they can invest their time in producing virtue. Laborers are too busy. Book III - But the citizen whom we are seeking to define is a citizen in the strictest sense, against whom no such exception can be taken, and his special characteristic is that he shares in the administration of justice, and in offices. He who has the power to take part in the deliberative or judicial administration of any state is said by us to be a citizens of that state; and, speaking generally, a state is a body of citizens sufficing for the purposes of life.... For tyranny is a kind of monarchy which has in view the interest of the monarch only; oligarchy has in view the interest of the wealthy; democracy, of the needy: none of them the common good of all. Tyranny, as I was saying, is monarchy exercising the rule of a master over the political society; oligarchy is when men of property have the government in their hands; democracy, the opposite, when the indigent, and not the men of property, are the rulers. Book VII The citizens must not lead the life of mechanics or tradesmen, for such a life is ignoble, and inimical to virtue. Neither must they be farmers, since leisure is necessary both for the development of virtue and the performance of political duties. Sources Aristotle PoliticsFeatures on Democracy in Ancient Greece and the Rise of DemocracyAncient Writers on Democracy AristotleThucydides via Pericles Funeral OrationIsocratesHerodotus Compares Democracy With Oligarchy and MonarchyPseudo-Xenophon

Student Mentorship Program For The Community College Essay

Student Mentoring in the Community College Student Population Served Student Success is now considered a vital element in the community college role. We must teach our students, and equipped them with skills to achieve their educational goal, as well as their career goals thereby, surviving in the workplace. Therefore, I am proposing a student mentorship program that targets all students enrolling at Mohave Community College (MCC). The program will encourage participation from the concurrent enrolled high school students, as well as students that are classified within the â€Å"at-risk† category. Each student at registration will receive information regarding the program, and encourage to participate when attending orientation. Identified Need The implementation and formulation of the program are highly informed by the fact that certain groups of students desperately need interventions to enhance their academic performance and increase their retention rates (Stromel, 2000). The program has identified six types of students who require mentor consisting of the nontraditional adults; students in remedial studies; students exhibiting low classroom participation; learners with low campus or community involvement; anyone who lacks positive role models, and students complaining about time. Therefore, with the tremendous increase of nontraditional and remedial students at MCC which, exhibit low motivation skills, time management abilities, and failure to socialize (Campbell, Smith,Show MoreRelatedCollege Is Not Just About Receiving Good Grades842 Words   |  4 PagesCareer Development College is not just about receiving good grades. It is just as valuable for students to get involved in student support programs and extracurricular activities such as internships, community involvement and leaderships. 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How We Market your Products Free Essays

Our vision is that every business and organization will eventually have a web site to market their company, products, and services. Users will migrate from the off-line yellow pages to the web to find and contact local businesses. Current online search tools do a good job of indexing the web, but finding location-specific businesses is haphazard and inaccurate. We will write a custom essay sample on How We Market your Products or any similar topic only for you Order Now We focus on cataloging every business and organization web site into a single commercial database so that users can quickly and easily find local, national, or global businesses online. 1. Become the definitive source for listing displaying business organization web site information. Similar to the off-line yellow pages, we want to be the single source of information about every commercial web site and keep it the most current and up-to-date. 2. Instead of becoming a destination site, we deliver our robust database to navigation sites (search engines directories), media companies, local portals government sites, and any other web property that want to help their users find a complete source of business web sites in one spot. 3. Help manage the navigation tools at the smaller sites by delivering navigation data and allowing them to outsource their search engine content maintenance to create a network of smaller portals that share navigation content and resources. We have developed technology to spider the web and categorize database commerical sites. The technology is similar to a search engine spider in that it gathers the URL and description of sites by following links. But we use a process that assigns each link to one of our 15,000 yellow-pages type categories by using specific keywords and comparing where it is categorized in other online databases. Also, our spider gathers business contact information, such as address, phone numbers, and email information. This allows us to follow-up our efforts with a direct contact to each business to ensure their listing information and category is correct. Our active technique ensures we gather 5 times more web sites in each category than the average online directory maintains. By categorizing each listing and recording the contact data, we provide much-needed â€Å"periphery† for the web: our technique allows the user to see all of the particular businesses in a particular geographic location. It is a cross between the yellow pages and an online search engine of web sites. The process of updating our data is one the most robust on the web. First our spider revisits each site at least once every quarter to verify the information. Unlike other services software that just check if a link is â€Å"live,† we can tell if the site is under contraction, or the domain name is for sale, or other signs that the business is unavailable although the link remains active. More importantly, we e-mail the business at least once a year for changes, and reward companies that respond with a higher ranking. This gives us a good repsonse rate and ensures a proactive interest from each company to keep their data up-to-date. The primary targets are those established portal and navigation sites online that have a need to deliver this content. These include: Web-based directories and search engines, such as yahoo, excite, lycos Business directories and smaller search portals Industry-related sites portals (apparel.net, lawyers.com, etc.) Media sites (newspapers, television stations, radio) Direct mail services mailing list providers Content providers other infomediaries Together I have databased 500,000 web sites so far, and many of them are businesses in these categories. Each listing includes a link, business name, address, phone numbers, and email. For our meeting next week, I will provide an Access database of all the companies I have categorized in these fields. I want to see if there is a need for my product in any of the markets that I†ve described above. My biggest concern is finding a market for the product I†ve developed, and these questions might help answer that. What is their biggest need in terms of their site? Do they maintain a listing of links to web sites relating to their field? How do they add new information and keep existing information current? How much time and money is spent on managing this data? Would they be willing to share this data with us, in return for receiving the information shared by other sites in our network? If we could save them time and money, would they be willing to outsource the management and upkeep of this information? Do they have a need for the type of data we†ve gathered and services we provide? Do they think their users would benefit from being able to find a complete listing of other web sites related to their subject matter? Would they be willing to pay to use our current and complete database at their site? Who else would be willing to use this data? What other types of businesses have I†ve missed? For an example to goal #3 above, it takes a lot of time energy for a local portal to gather the links of businesses in their area. They only catch the ones that are submitted to them, or the ones they find using their human editors. Likewise, a site focusing on the apparel industry can use a lot of energy effort to record and display links to clothing fashion sites in its industry. On the maintenance side, it can be time consuming to categorize their listings, check them to make sure they are current, and modify/delete old dead links. We want to partner with each site and provide the infomediary to exchange data: since they both share data with Speedy Pete†s database, they have access to not only our spider†s adds, but the other site†s listings, as well. The local portal may have listings related to the clothing industry that the apparel portal does not have and vice versa. We keep the data current and updated using our technology, and deliver a robust database of â€Å"shared† navigation data to each site. How to cite How We Market your Products, Essay examples

Brand Strategy of Enalio

Question: Discuss about the Brand Strategy of Enalio. Answer: Product Strategy It is the first time that the company is entering the UK market. Therefore, the product is one of the most important elements of the entire marketing mix. Enalio has been able to develop the brand recognition through product differentiation. It is recommended that the company must continue to focus on its product differentiation. It would help the company to generate a niche in the UK market. The product differentiation strategy would also help the company to fight the existing competition in the market. It is important to mention that the UK market can be tough market. There are number of domestic and international players that operate in the market (Weathers, 2013). Enalio would have to tackle the strategies of both local and international brands. It could be done with a strong focus on product differentiation. The company has been able to launch the customize t-shirts that are appreciated in the market. The product differentiation strategy would help the company to develop a PULL marketing strategy. With this, PULL marketing strategy, the company would be able to create a buzzword in UK market. It would help the company to attract UK customers. It is recommended that the product of the company should be highly durable in nature. The quality of the t-shirts should not deteriorate after the first wash. The end customers should be able to get the value of their money. The customers in UK market would be ready to switch to Enalio only when they get the value for their money. Pricing Strategy It would correct to say that the pricing strategy would be the ley for Enalio to operate and expand in the UK market. There are various ways or methods to follow the pricing strategy. The companies can use the cost plus pricing strategy, market pricing strategy or price skimming. It is recommended that Enalio should be a price taker in the market. With this marketing strategy, Enalio would accept the existing market pricing. The UK market is a highly competitive market and there are lots of companies in the same business (Ewing, 2012). The established businesses in the market already have a set of loyal customer base. The customers of existing businesses would not switch to Enalio unless and until they get a good reason to switch. Therefore, in any condition, Enalio should not the price its products at a higher price. In fact, in the initial period, it would be good if Enalio can provide some discounts on its products. In the first two years, the objective of the company is to increase market penetration. The pricing strategy is the powerful tool to increase the market penetration. Moreover, the pricing strategy is the best way to increase the share of customer wallet. It is recommended that the prices of Enalio should be less than or equal to the prices of competitors and at the same time, the company should explore the option of discount pricing. Distribution Strategy The distribution strategy would be a key for Enalio to reach out to customers. It is recommended that the company should use both traditional and contemporary distribution channel. The traditional distribution channel would include the sale on retail stores and the contemporary distribution channel would include the sale on online channel. This era is marked with e-commerce and Internet channels. Therefore, it would be correct to say that the focus of the company should be on e-commerce channels (Beer, 2012). It is recommended that Enalio should have tie-ups with established e-commerce players in the market. The company can tie up with e-bay and Amazon. It would help the brand to optimize its cost of operations and distribution (Aaker, 2013). Moreover, the e commerce channel is the fastest way to reach out to customers. In addition to the e-commerce channels, the company should also partnership with physical retailers in the UK market. The focus of the company should be to increase t he shelf life in the UK retailers. It would be correct to say that the distribution channel would be a key for Enalio to optimize its cost as it takes a lot of money to establish the distribution channel in a country. The company would use the Export-Import method to make its products available in the UK retail stores. References Aaker, D. (2013). Find the shared interest: A route to community activation and brand building.Journal of Brand Strategy,2(2), 134-145. De Beer, M. J. (2015).The role of design thinking in brand strategy(Doctoral dissertation, Cape Peninsula University of Technology). Holland, J., Weathers, J. (2013). Aligning a company's people strategy with its business strategy and brand strategy.Journal of Brand Strategy,2(3), 245-258. Matanda, T., Ewing, M. T. (2012). The process of global brand strategy development and regional implementation.International Journal of Research in Marketing,29(1), 5-12.

Pre-Darwinism Views Essays (834 words) - Biology,

Pre-Darwinism Views November 24, 1859, many people simply believed that species were created by God in their present forms, or that it was possible for organic matter to be spawned from inorganic matter. However, Charles Darwin used these ideas to create his thesis, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. The first true theories on evolution arise during the classical Greek period. On a handful of Greek philosophers believed in the theory of evolution and natural selection. Unfortunately, the two philosophers who influenced western civilization the most, Plato and Aristotle, opposed any theory of evolution. Plato believed that there were two worlds, one real world, and one imperfect world that we perceive with our senses. Any variations in life were imperfect images of their ideal forms. However, Aristotle didn't believe in two worlds; instead, he believed in a "scale of nature." Each life form was arranged on a type of"ladder". It started at the bottom with the least complex organism and continued up to the most complex organism. Each organism had a pre-determined"rung", which allowed no ability to move up, and no open spaces for a new organism to fill. According to Neil Campbell in his book, Biology: Fourth Edition, "Juedo-Christian culture fortified anti-evolution theories." (p. 400-401) The creationist-essentialist dogma that species were permanent and created for a specific purpose became deeply embedded in Western thought. Any person who dared to theorize or believe in theories about evolution were instantly labeled heretics. The medieval church saw evolution as saying that God did not exist, that we are not the "supreme creation", and that humans could just be evolutionary mistakes. However, in the later 1700's and early 1800's there was a "scientific revolution" taking place. People began to use scientific experiments to explain what they had always put faith in. According to Campbell, the first big step in the development of the theory of evolution was made by Carolus Linnaeus. (p. 400-401) Linnaeus was the founder of taxonomy and developed the naming system for organisms that we still use today. He grouped organisms based on similar characteristics. This, for Darwin, would become a focal point of his theory of evolution. When Darwin began his research aboard the H.M.S. Beagle in 1831, he had some pre-constructed ideas. The first was that he rejected Plato's, Aristotle's, and the Church's ideas that organism were made the way they are, and will never change. The second was about Linnaeus' filing system; Darwin believed that similar species must of evolved from similar ancestors. During his trip on the Beagle, Darwin collected 13 different types of finches that he believed were different species. When he returned to Great Britain in 1836, he learned from ornithologists that the 13 different types of finches he collected, were indeed separate species. This discovery led Darwin to theorize that if a species was isolated, then it would adapt to fit it's surroundings; just like how the finches adapted new beaks depending on their native types of food. Finally in 1844, Darwin wrote an essay on his theory of natural selection and the origin of species. When Darwin finished his book on evolution, The Origin of Species, he had two major ideas: the first was that evolution was the explanation for life's unity and diversity; the second was that natural selection is the cause for adaptations. Darwin provided numerous example of his theories, but he was still doubted. However, on of his modern day supporters named Ernst Mayr has provided his own theories and proof of Darwin's ideas. With respect to Darwin's ideas on natural selection and adaptation, Mayr used an closely related group of insect species to prove this point. In Malaya round, pink flowers are common; so the mantid native to Malya is round and pink. However, in Central America, most plants have green, oval-like leaves; so the mantid to Central America is green and oval-like in shape. This example shows how species of common ancestry have adapted to fit their individual surroundings. With respect to Darwin's ideas on evolution, we will look at the mustard plant. The mustard plant is the evolutional ancestor of six different vegetables: cauliflower, cabbage, brussels sprouts, broccoli, kale, and kohlrabi. Breeder have been able to prove this by focusing on one particular part of the plant to accentuate. The process of accentuating the plant parts by breeders is evidence of evolution, except that humans are manipulating the results to meet their own needs. There really is not much more information on Darwin's theory of evolution, due to the fact that the majority

Rhinoceros Facts

Rhinoceros Facts There are five species of Rhinoceroses- Ceratotherium simum, Diceros bicornis, Rhinoceros unicornis, R. sondaicos, Dicerorhinus sumatrensis- and for the most part, they live in widely separated ranges. By most counts, there are less than 30,000 rhinoceroses alive today, a steep plunge in population for a mammal that has existed on the earth, in one form or another, for 50 million years. Fast Facts: Rhinoceros Scientific Name: Five species are Ceratotherium simum, Diceros bicornis, Rhinoceros unicornis, R. sondaicos, Dicerorhinus sumatrensisCommon Name: White, Black, Indian, Javan, SumatranBasic Animal Group: MammalSize: 4–15 feet tall, 7–15 feet long, depending on speciesWeight: 1,000–5,000 poundsLifespan: 10–45 yearsDiet:  HerbivoreHabitat: Subharan Africa, Southeast Asia, Indian subcontinentPopulation: 30,000Conservation Status: Three species are Critically Endangered (Javan, Sumatran, black), one is Vulnerable (Indian), one is Near Threatened (white) Description Rhinoceroses are perissodactyls, or odd-toed ungulates, a family of mammals characterized by their herbivorous diets, relatively simple stomachs, and ​an odd number of toes on their feet (one or three). The only other perissodactyls on earth today are horses, zebras, and donkeys (all belonging to genus Equus), and the strange, pig-like mammals known as tapirs.  Rhinoceroses are characterized by their large sizes, quadrupedal postures, and single or double  horns on the ends of their snouts- the name rhinoceros is Greek for nose horn. These horns probably evolved as a sexually selected characteristic- that is, males with bigger, more prominent horns were more successful with females during mating season. Considering how big they are, rhinoceroses have unusually small brains- no more than a pound and a half in the largest individuals, and about five times smaller than a comparably sized elephant. That is a common attribute in animals which have elaborate anti-predator defenses like body armor: their encephalization quotient (the relative size of an animals brain compared to the rest of its body) is low. WLDavies/Getty Images   Species There are five extant rhino species- the white rhinoceros, black rhinoceros, Indian rhinoceros, Javan rhinoceros, and Sumatran rhinoceros. The largest rhinoceros species, the white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) consists of two subspecies- the southern white rhinoceros, which lives in the southernmost regions of Africa, and the northern white rhinoceros of central Africa. There are about 20,000 southern white rhinoceroses in the wild, the males of which weigh over two tons, but the northern white rhinoceros is on the brink of extinction, with a mere handful of individuals surviving in zoos and nature reserves. No one is quite sure why C. simum is called white- this may be a corruption of the Dutch word wijd, which means wide (as in widespread), or because its horn is lighter than that of other rhinoceros species. Actually brown or grey in color, the black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) used to be widespread across southern and central Africa, but today its numbers have dwindled to about half those of the southern white rhinoceros. (In Greek, bicornis means two-horned; an adult black rhinoceros has a larger horn toward the front of its snout, and a narrower one directly behind.) Black rhinoceros adults rarely exceed two tons in weight, and they browse on shrubs rather than grazing on grass like their white cousins. There used to be a bewildering number of black rhinoceros subspecies, but today the International Union for the Conservation of Nature recognizes only three, all of them seriously endangered. The Indian or greater one-horned rhinoceros, Rhinoceros unicornis, used to be thick on the ground in India and Pakistan until a combination of hunting and habitat destruction restricted its numbers to the puny 4,000 or so individuals alive today. Full-grown Indian rhinos weigh between three and four tons and are characterized by their long, thick, black horns, which are prized by unscrupulous poachers. On a historical note, the Indian rhinoceros was the first rhino to be seen in Europe, a single individual shipped to Lisbon in 1515. Plucked from its natural habitat, this unfortunate rhino quickly died, but not before it had been immortalized in a woodcut by Albrecht Durer, the sole reference point for European  enthusiasts until another Indian rhino arrived in England in 1683. One of the rarest mammals in the entire world, the Javan rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicos) consists of a few dozen individuals living on the western edge of Java (the largest island in the Indonesian archipelago). This cousin of the Indian rhinoceros (same genus, different species) is slightly smaller, with a comparably smaller horn, which has not, sadly, prevented it from being hunted to near-extinction by poachers. The Javan rhinoceros used to be widespread across Indonesia and southeast Asia; one of the key factors in its decline was the Vietnam War, in which millions of acres of habitat were destroyed by incendiary bombing and poisoning of vegetation by the herbicide called Agent Orange. Also known as the hairy rhinoceros, the Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis) is almost as endangered as the Javan rhinoceros, with which it once shared the same territory of Indonesia and Southeast Asia. Adults of this species rarely exceed 2,000 pounds in weight, making it the smallest living rhinoceros. Unfortunately, as with the Javan rhinoceros, the relatively short horn of the Sumatran rhinoceros hasnt spared it from the depredations of poachers: The powdered horn of a Sumatran rhino commands over $30,000 per kilogram on the black market. Not only is D. sumatrensis the smallest rhino, but its also the most mysterious. This is by far the most vocal rhino species and herd members communicate with one another via yelps, moans, and whistles. Habitat and Range Rhinoceroses are native to Subharan Africa, Southeast Asia, Indian subcontinent, depending on their species. They live in a variety of habitats, including tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas and shrublands, tropical moist forests, and deserts and xeric shrublands. Diet Rhinos are all herbivores, but their diets depend on their habitat: Sumatran and Javan rhinos feed on tropical vegetation, including some fruits, while black rhinoceros are primarily browsers that feed on herbs and shrubs, and Indian rhinos feed on both grasses and aquatic plants. They require a great deal of time to forage and spend most of their active time doing that. Rhinos can be active day or night and generally regulate their activity depending on the weather. If its too hot or too cold, they will stay near water. Behavior If theres one place the average person does not want to be, its in the path of a stampeding rhino. When startled, this animal can hit top speeds of 30 miles per hour, and its not exactly equipped to stop on a dime (which may be one reason rhinos evolved their nasal horns as they can absorb unexpected impacts with stationary trees). Because rhinos are basically solitary animals, and because they have become so thin on the ground, its rare to see a true crash (as a group of rhinos is called), but this phenomenon has been known to occur around watering holes. Rhinos also have poorer eyesight than most animals, another reason not to linger in the path of a four-ton male on your next African safari. The closest rhinoceros bond is between a mother and her offspring. Bachelor rhinos congregate in small crashes of three to five, and sometimes as many as 10, to cooperate against predators. Rhinos may also gather around limited resources, water pools, wallows, feeding areas, and salt licks, always staying one body length apart. Reproduction and Offspring All rhinoceroses are polygamous and polyandrous- both sexes seek multiple mates. Courting and mating can occur at any time during the day. During courtship, males engage in mate-guarding behavior until the female is in full estrus and will permit males to approach her. Indian male rhinos whistle loudly to announce reproductive condition and location, six to 10 hours before breeding activity. Gestation takes 15–16 months, and by two months of age, calves are weaned and may be left alone while the female forager a few feet away. When separated temporarily, the female and her calves stay in contact through vocalizations. Calves suckle until the calf is two or the mother conceives again; they become completely independent at three years. Females become sexually mature at 5–7, and males at 10 years. Rhinos typically live between 10 and 45 years, depending on the species.   mantaphoto/Getty Images Evolutionary History Researchers trace the evolutionary lineage of modern rhinoceroses back 50 million years, to small, pig-sized ancestors that originated in Eurasia and later spread to North America. A good example is Menoceras, a tiny, four-footed plant-eater that sported a pair of small horns. The North American branch of this family went extinct about five million years ago, but rhinos continued to live in Europe until the end of the last Ice Age (at which point Coelodonta, also known as the woolly rhino, went extinct along with its fellow mammalian megafaunas like the woolly mammoth and the saber-toothed tiger). One recent rhinoceros ancestor, Elasmotherium, may even have inspired the unicorn myth, as its single, prominent horn struck awe in early human populations. Daniel Eskridge/Stocktrek Images/Getty Images Conservation Status All of the five species of rhinoceroses are listed as endangered or vulnerable ty the IUCN. Three are listed as Critically Endangered (Javan, Sumatran, and black rhinos); one is Vulnerable (Indian), and one is Near Threatened (white).   Ã‚  Klaus Vedfelt/Getty Images Threats Rhinoceroses have been continually driven relentlessly to the brink of extinction by human poachers. What these hunters are after is rhino horns, which, when ground up into powder, are valued in the east as aphrodisiacs (today, the largest market for powdered rhino horn is in Vietnam, as Chinese authorities have recently cracked down on this illicit trade). Whats ironic is that the horn of a rhinoceros is composed entirely of keratin, the same substance that makes up human hair and fingernails. Rather than continuing to drive these majestic animals into extinction, perhaps poachers can be convinced to grind up their toenail clippings and see if anyone notices the difference! Sources Emslie, R. Ceratotherium simum. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: e.T4185A16980466, 2012.-. Diceros bicornis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: e.T6557A16980917, 2012.  Hutchins, M., and M. D. Kreger. Rhinoceros Behaviour: Implications for Captive Management and Conservation. International Zoo Yearbook 40.1 (2006): 150-73. Print.Talukdar, B.K. et al. Rhinoceros unicornis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: e.T19496A8928657, 2008.  van Strien, N.J. et al. Rhinoceros sondaicus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: e.T19495A8925965, 2008.van Strien, N.J., et al. Dicerorhinus sumatrensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: e.T6553A12787457, 2008.

Discuss the detail information of the movie Rossie the Riveter Essay

Discuss the detail information of the movie Rossie the Riveter - Essay Example The movie explains about the life of a plant worker Rosalind Warren, and the way in which she struggles to survive as a plant worker during war time 1944. Apparently, the main message of the movie was to emphasis on the equality of gender and race and how women can work her way towards success with her will power and determination. In this movie the Rosie with her friend Vera Watson and two other male colleagues had to share the last room which was available in town, while working for a factory. This movie clearly portrays the gender and race economics through the character of â€Å"Rosie† and also conveys how the government aimed at persuading the American women to join the work force to enhance the economy and also to build the lives of women themselves. The movie was focusing on the factor that gender is never an issue when it comes to work, and, every individual had the right to work hard and earn their livelihood. The main propaganda behind this movie was to explain the r acial discrimination, gender inequality and economical downturn during the World War II. The economic status of the war time demanded a revolution and highly necessitated a need for the women of the American society to join the workforce. This process stole many positions of men as women occupied positions which required masculinity and courage as equal to male workers. Here the movie points out the life experience of Women in the war front and the process by which they came forward to join the workforce competing with men. Here the division between men and women has been erased to a major level and female power is focused on. The traditional image of women is given a twist and her empowerment as a female power is highlighted and exalted. The Movie projected the working phase of three black women and two white women during the World War II industrial revolution. The movie shows that the racial and gender discrimination were put off from the minds of American culture and equality was promoted to bring about justice and rights to women in the society. This action of the government gave a message to the public that women could handle both home and profession at same time successfully. Rosie the lead character of the movie had to live with men along with her female friend and this was not an easy task for women of that century, in which existed lot of social taboos on female. This movie however, had eluded many feminist historians as the female characters of the movie were epitomes of courage, determination and positive thinking. Moreover, the movie showed how the black women can rise in the society as a worker and home maker like other races without facing any bias and prejudice. The three black women and the two white women portrayed in the movie come as an example for the future generation to understand that the race and gender should not be criteria when it comes to employment opportunity. Here in the movie the high spirits, undying energy, positive mind and s trength of women are highlighted in a profound manner. These female characters in the movie were excited about working in a risky atmosphere and were eager to make money on their own to have a livelihood. The female characters in the movie took over job which was done previously by military men and this was a factor of awe and inspiration for the women in the society. This could be the main reason why the character ‘

Unionizing Chinese Walmart Store Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Unionizing Chinese Walmart Store - Dissertation Example Wal-Mart has had a resistance of unions in most of the countries but has allowed the formation of unions in China. The largest retailer in the world, which employs close to 23,000 people in China, will allow the federation to form branches in all the outlets in China. The world retailer was under pressure from the other unions that claimed that the company contributed much to a violation of human rights job losses when it carries its operations in China. This was because the United States employees are not under unions. The unions also were formed to meet the demands of the Chinese government that allows unions to have a formal establishment. The formation, however, has not translated to any effective bargaining power of the employees, which was the main aim of forming the unions. The retailer claimed that instead of forming unions, it encouraged the employees to have a direct communication with the company in the issues of concern (Star, 2015). This would make the issues to be taken seriously and follow up with the right actions. Due to the global recession, the retailer agreed to form unions for workers in China so that they would be allowed to carry out their operation in the country where they have ambitious expansion plans. China is the country where the operations of the company lag behind in the global rivalry. In one of the claims that were presented in the courts, the retailer has been considered to engage in unfair labor practices under a different section of the labor code.

Super Leadership Is A New Form Of Leadership Education Essay

Super Leadership Is A New Form Of Leadership Education Essay INTRODUCTION Super Leadership is a new form of leadership for the era of knowledge-based enterprises distinguished by flat organizational structures and employee empowerment. A super-leader is one who leads others to lead themselves through designing and implementing the system that allows and teaches employees to be self-leaders. Super-leaders help each of their followers to develop into an effective self-leader by providing them with the behavioral and cognitive skills necessary to exercise self-leadership. Super-leaders establish values, model, encourage, reward, and in many other ways foster self-leadership in individuals, teams, and wider organizational cultures. The purpose of this paper is to develop and test a model of super leadership and creativity. This paper will practically contribute to the literature on super leadership and creativity by examining the relationships between them. This study is in continuation to the study conducted by DiLiello and Houghton (2006) in which a model was suggested that the employees having strong super leadership qualities will have more creative and innovative potential. Moreover, they will also practice a high level of innovation and creativity, when they feel a strong support from their supporting workplace. In a broader perspective, super-leadership is an effective mean of developing a shared and pervasive environment that support idea generation and creative problem solving. Succinctly, it is believed that an organization that encourages super leadership is likely to experience higher levels of creative and innovative processes among its employees which can flourish useful ideas and ultimately enhance organizational effectiveness. Significance and Rationale of the Study The question arises that why super leadership phenomenon is important? The answer is that the function of leadership is to produce more leaders, not more followers. Employee self-leadership is the key to success in the new economy. So, having super-leadership, followers are treated in a proper way and thus turn into super leaders. If super leaders are successful in providing strategic alignment and coaching people, they develop followers who are productive, work independently, and need only minimal attention from the super leader. The rationale of this paper is to test and present results based upon a hypothesized model about the relationships between Super-leadership and idea generation/creative potential. In short, our model will test the hypothesis as if strong Super-leaders are more likely to have higher levels of idea generation/creativity potential than weak Super-leaders are. Such a model may be of great benefit to organizations that are looking forward to change due to market dynamism through the creativity and innovation of human resources of Super-leaders. As argued by Neck and Manz (1996), pragmatic Super-leadership research studies advocates that employees having Super-leadership line of action, enhances their individual performance and, at large, organizational performance, than an employee who does not practice Super-leadership approaches. In current era of rapid globalization, Super-leadership strategies enhance organizational capacity to flourish in the face of the challenges of the twenty-first century. Research Objectives The bulk of the literature on management and leadership tends to focus primarily on the dynamics of the common organization. This study will be a welcome addition to the abundant literature on Leadership Studies in organizational settings. At some level, one of the minor intentions of this study is to trigger an impetus that will prompt other academics and scholars to take on the topic of leadership and management at a wider range and with more comprehensive objectives. The main focus would be to explore the link between super leadership behavior and creative potential through idea generation for a innovative and creative culture within organization. Research Questions The research questions in this case are presented as follows: What is the relationship between super leadership and creativity potential? How super leadership provoke an employee to perform at its best level? REVIEW OF LITERATURE Why to shift from traditional leadership to Super-Leadership? Super-leadership, sometimes also called as Self-Leadership, may be defined as the way to lead others is by leading oneself (Manz and Sims, 2001). The main difference between traditional leadership management concept and Super-Leadership is the main focus on followers rather than leader itself, and especially the belief of improving followers capacity to lead who are effective self-leaders. Therefore, concisely, super-leadership is the way of leading others to lead themselves. As argued by Sims Manz (1996), for super leadership behavior to be implemented, a leader has to adopt 10 most significant shifts from traditional approach of leadership in order to move towards super leadership approach. First thing first, the leader helps out the team members/group to switch from external observation to self-observation. Secondly, the focus is on moving from designated goals to goals that are self developed. Thirdly, organic control is exercised by team/group members i.e. external reinforcement for task performance changes in to internal reinforcement with an addition of external reinforcement for self-leadership behaviors. Fourthly, leadership prefer to motivation techniques not only based on external compensation but also based on the natural rewards associated with work. Another step is that the leader shifts the group to focus on self criticism rather than external criticism from the organization, which often creates bad impact upon team/group members. Sixthly, there is a move from external problem solving towards self-problem solving techniques. Seventhly, there is a shift from external job assignments to self-job assignments. Also, leadership moves from external planning to self planning and from external task design to self-design of tasks at step eight. Ninth step focuses that any problem or issue arises should be treated as an opportunity instead of threat by the group/team members. Finally, commitment to organizations vision rather than its compliance only is more important that leadership needs to help the employee to create. Having focused to improve employees effectiveness, self-leadership phenomenon attempts to concentrate on various issues that an organization might come across in this era of rapid globalization. Supervisors and work conditions can have some sort of control mechanism in a work place (Manz and Sims, 1980) but the inner drive that initiate organic control, or intrinsic motivation to work, take place from within the person (Herzberg et al., 2003; Manz and Sims, 1980; Sergiovanni, 1992). It is always stressed that true leadership comes from within and at the end, achievement streams from follower self-leadership (Sims Manz, 1996). It is asserted that one can lead in a better way if able to develop and use individuals skills and capabilities at workplace (Manz and Sims, 1980). As advocated by Manz (1986) and Manz and Neck (2004) as organizational members are trained and permitted to utilize self-leadership strategies, a candid control mechanism is put in action. Finally, the Super-Leader must develop an environment where employees are free to fail and improve after taking risky decisions and can learn in a true sense. However, risk must be calculated enough and apposite autonomy to fail is of vital importance. We can say that the Super-Leader should promote learning, if the mistake took place in team/group members. Yet again, the Super-Leader must exercise a balance approach in terms of risk taking behaviors i.e. to become aware when one can let mistakes occur or otherwise (Sims Manz, 1996). Intrinsic Motivation The key to stimulate creativity in organization is to foster individuals creativity, for which the easiest human element is to alter an individuals motivation. Majority of empirical research findings in line with this statement are reported from the field of social psychology of creativity and are referred to in the literature as the intrinsic motivation principle. According to Amabile (1988), an intrinsic motivation of individuals towards a task/job has two sides. First, the persons natural preference towards such type of activities. Secondly, the way individual perceive and know the reasons to undertake that task, which is dependent upon external social as well as environmental factors. This second element is the simplest way to affect creativity of an individual and by using motivation i.e. intrinsic one, is one of the easiest approaches to do so as motivation needs less amount of time/money to boost up a creative individual. Moreover, the task or assignments that more complex and challenging with a freedom to decide on how to carry out assigned tasks are expected to foster intrinsic motivation that, sequentially, increases creativity (Amabile, 1988). Amabile (1996, 1997) comments that intrinsic motivation is one of the perspiration phases of the creative process that individuals may seek to bypass, moving too quickly to the more intrinsically motivating idea generation phase. On the other hand, rigid adherence to rules and regulation has a tendency to negatively affect creativity. For case in point, Amabile (1998) pointed out that rigid rules and centralized decision making reduces creativity as intrinsic motivation to do task reduces creativity. Due to centralized decision-making and rigid control, information flow within organization reduces as well. As creativity needs free access to information, this will, in turn, reduce the generation of new ideas. Similarly, in another study by Amabile (1997), intrinsic motivation arises when the task itself is a source of interest, enjoyment, self-expression, and personal challenge. Likewise, Ryan Deci (2000) pointed out that intrinsic motivation is a result of internal reinforcement to perform a task rather than in response to external reinforcement. A prior research foundation shows that formal organizational controls restrict individual freedom and thereby dampen intrinsic motivation required for creativity (Amabile, 1996; Shalley, Gilson, Blum, 2000). George and Zhou (2001) established in empirical terms that those individuals who demonstrate meticulous behavior at workplace and are particularly unremitting attitude towards workplace compulsions display low levels of creativity. In addition, intrinsic motivation is more indomitable on interesting tasks and less importunate on uninteresting tasks that require discipline and concerted effort (Gagne and Deci, 2005). Besides, creativity is improved by positive affect (Davis, 2009; Grawitch Munz, 2005) as a positive affect promote a forward move rather than evasion (Carver, 2001; Erez Isen, 2002), which ultimately improve individuals perception to perceive a task as an opportunity rather than a threat (Higgins, 1997) and to deal with issues rather than retreat (Amabile et al., 2005; Frederickson, 2001; Seo, Barrett, Bartunek, 2004). Much of the literature cited above created a foundation that intrinsic motivation is a basic ingredient for creativity, and that intrinsic motivation is hampered if the formal and rigid control in organization is simultaneously implemented. Self Efficacy According to Bandura (1998), perceived self-efficacy is defined as a firm belief about ones capability to give desired performance that ultimately affects their lives. Self-efficacy beliefs reveal that what people feel, think and how they can be motivated. A super leadership strategy augments to improve self-efficacy perceptions and refine regulation processes, having significant impact on individual task performance (Houghton Neck, 2006). According to Konradt, Andreßen and Ellwart (2009), self-leadership impact on individual performance was partially mediated by self-efficacy perception, while autonomy characteristics showed no significant effects. Neubert and Wu (2006) showed a strong positive effect on creativity and work role performance. Carmela, MÃ ©tier, and Weisberg, (2006) and DiLiello and Houghton (2006) have found that self-leadership is a strong predictor of innovation as perceived by coworkers and managers. DeRue and Morgeson (2007) posited that individuals with general self-efficacy attribute success to ability and failure to insufficient effort. Chen, Gully, and Eden (2004) indicated that general self-efficacy is a motivational belief or judgment about personal capabilities that influences personal action in a wide variety of situations. Self-efficacy beliefs develop over time and through experiences (Maddux, 2002). Self-efficacy refers to beliefs about personal capability to produce a desired effect by individual action (Bandura, 1997). Self-efficacy helps explain the behaviors people will engage, how long they will persist, and how much effort they will expend to reach their goals (Satterfield Davidson, 2000). People with high self-efficacy may be more likely to overcome difficulties through self-initiated change, more likely to be goal-directed and more persistent in the achievement of that goal (Maddux, 2002). Self Determination Individuals will be intrinsically motivated if the task increases their feelings of competency and self-determination (Deci 1975). Self-determination means having the freedom to be in charge of your own life, choosing where you live, who you spend time with, and what you do. It means having the resources you need to create a good life and to make responsible decisions. It also means choosing where, when, and how you get help for any problems you might have (Cook, Petersen, Jonikas, 2004). As far as self determination of employee is concerned, behavior focused strategies are about enhancing ones self perception of personal performance during task resolution, in order to adjust self behavior towards task achievement. Through self observation, self setting of goals and objectives; self reward administration; self punishment and self cueing; it maximizes behavior effectiveness and helps reducing negative issues related with the task (Houghton Neck, 2002; Manz Neck, 2004; Neck Houghton, 2006). Self Regulation Self-regulation refers to thoughts, feelings and actions that are planned and adapted to the attainment of personal goals (Zimmerman, 2000). As described by Schunk and Ertmer (2000), Self-regulated learning includes: Setting goals for learning Concentrating on instruction Using effective strategies to organize ideas Using resources effectively Monitoring performance Managing time effectively Holding positive beliefs about ones capabilities. Self-regulation can be improved through appropriate guidance, modeling of effective strategies and creating supportive and challenging contexts (Boekaerts and Corno, 2005; Perry and Vandekamp, 2000). Many of these strategies develop from early childhood well into adolescence (Boekaerts, 2006). Self regulation is a complex notion. It allows us to consider the interrelationships between key concepts such as self-efficacy and motivation within a single framework, rather than exploring these areas in isolation. Even though several theories suggest that employees draw from a broad repertoire of behavioral strategies to enhance their creative performance (e.g., Ford, 1996; Frese, 2000; Rank et al., 2004), there are only a handful of studies that have empirically investigated how employees behavioral strategies facilitate creative performance. In a study, Binnewies, Ohly, Sonnentag (2007) found that employees, who engage in effective communication, perform more creatively. Similarly, there is cumulating evidence that employees use proactive strategies such as feedback-seeking behavior and voice behavior to enhance their creative performance and/or make suggestions for change (e.g., De Stobbeleir, Ashford, Buyens, 2008; Van Dyne Le Pine, 1998). Such findings highlight the self-regulatory potential of employees in the creative process. We expect different proactive strategies to be crucial in the different phases of the creative process. For example, it may be that factors such as communication and feedback-seeking behavior are critical for idea generation, as feedback from other people with relevant knowledge and experience might help to improve and refine the initial idea the creative person came up with. Similarly, one could expect that proactively targeting people in the organization will be related to successful idea promotion. Existing contacts with people from top management might be used to speed up the process of acquiring resources and spreading the word in the organization might help to acquire the political power needed. Idea Generation and Creative Potential Idea generation to be one coherent phase of the creative process (Kanter, 1988; West Farr, 1989). Zhou (2008) substantiated the interpersonal character of idea generation as highlighted in recent literature on creativity. Furthermore, the creation of ideas instigates the interaction between the individual and its social environment. For idea generation, the broader (organizational) context needs to stimulate interpersonal contacts as much as possible. An open, helpful, somewhat informal culture, in which people can easily call on others, facilitates formal and informal social connections and idea generation. Creative Culture Everybody has a role to play as citizens and consumers, culture and creativity, at the same time, help deliver new, more sustainable ways of living and working. Creative people can assist in exploring and presenting a different world, if and only if, their skills and expertises are properly exploited and recognized as one of the major means of transformation. In todays era of rapid globalization characterized by enormous economic, social and environmental challenges, the development of a genuinely creative culture should play a part to deal with such type of challenges. So, it can rightly be said that the culture that we create, will determine our fate. As matter of fact, organizational culture has been acknowledged as an important precursor of creativity. A creative organizational culture necessitates to focus on quality, communication, work groups, cross-departmental collaboration and visible support for change and innovation (Kanter, 1988; Pillinger West, 1995). It pertinent to mention that the impact of organizational culture on the different phases of the creative process has not yet been empirically investigated. It can be assumed, however, that organizational culture with its strapping influence upon all processes in the organization (Cameron Quinn, 2005; Ekvall, 1996; Sharman Johnson, 1997) is crucial and vital during the entire creative process. THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK A hypothesized model of the relationships between super leadership and idea generation and creative potential is shown in Figure 1. Research hypotheses for each of the relationships will be developed. The new hypothesized model suggests that a strong basis to build work environments that support of idea generation and creativity at the individual, group and organizational levels by practicing super leadership among the members of organizations. Theorists like (Manz and Sims, 2001) have suggested a relationship between super leadership and creativity. Based on the prior research done, a hypothesized relationship that can clearly be plotted between creativity and self-leadership is given as below: Figure 1 Research Questions/Hypotheses The research questions in this case are presented as follows: What is the relationship between super leadership and creativity potential? How super leadership provoke an employee to perform at its best level? Because a strong super leader is predicted to be a self-motivated, self-determined, self-regulated, having a broad sense of self-efficacy, the hypothetical theoretical model proposes the following relationship in terms of hypotheses as presented below: H1: High level of Intrinsic Motivation leads to super leadership behavior among employees. H2: High level of Self-Determination leads super leadership behavior among employees. H3: High level of Self-Efficacy leads to super leadership behavior among employees. H4: High level of Self-Regulation leads to super leadership behavior among employees. H5: Demographics Characteristics of employees serves as moderating variables that augments super leadership behavior among employees. H6: Super leadership behavior greatly gives rise to idea generation and creative potential of employees. H7: Idea generation and creative potential among employees stimulate and invigorate creative culture within organizational settings. METHODOLOGY The research will be approached based on an interpretivism view. Interpretivism is the necessary research philosophy for this study because it allows the search, of the details of the situation, to understand the reality or perhaps a reality working behind them. The study will be exploratory in nature because it aims to determine the present facts as well as facts that are not yet explored about the phenomenon. Exploratory research will enable the study to look at the problem in both descriptive and exploratory manner. It will look into the problem by exploring the views of different sets of respondents, as well as by exploring different literatures related with the study. This paper analyzes potential factors of super-leadership and creative culture were analyzed using LISREL 8.8 and SPSS 14.0 softwares. The study is comprised of testing certain hypotheses and overall proposed model analysis using Structure equation modeling technique. Data and Sample As the Electronic Media especially TV Channels are directly related and linked to idea generation and creativity, which leads to creativity in such organizations/firms, a representative sample from Electronic Media especially TV Channels in Pakistan, has been selected based on random sampling basis from a list of TV Channels available on web. A total of 200 respondents have been targeted as a sample for this study from different TV Channels functioning within and outside Pakistan. Measure/Instrument Development Questionnaire has been developed by the researcher for this study to be used as the survey instrument. The questionnaire developed was divided into two main parts, the first part being demographic profile of an employee such as Age, Gender, Experience, Job Position, Organizational size etc and the second part was based on super-leadership and creative culture dimensions/characteristics. The various items on Super-leadership dimensions include certain factors such as intrinsic motivation, self-determination, self-efficacy and self-regulation. The items are adapted from various creativity studies. Moreover, items for idea generation and creative potential and creative culture were developed from few creativity-based studies such as Eisenberger and Aselage (2008), Eisenberger Rhoades (2001) and McNeely Meglino (1994). Moreover, all the measure have been developed and pre-tested for its reliability and validity through face and content validity by the group field experts and professionals. Also, standard statistical test used for questionnaire reliability testing. The responses for 49 items scale, after pilot testing, were calculated on five points Likert-type scale, which ranges from 1-5 i.e. Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree. By using different scales developed by the researcher for demographic profile of an employee, which has different ranges between two-points (e.g. gender) to five points (Likert Scale), the data from respondents was collected in five weeks. Reliability and Validity of Instrument The reliability and validity analysis for the scale measures used in empirical research is of prime importance due to several reasons. This ensures the results and finding and its predictive power which means a clear prediction about the proposed hypotheses (Flynn et al., 1994). Similarly, Nunnally and Bernstein (1994) suggested that for testing unidimensionality of data, to check internal consistency and reliability of items used in the measures, Cronbachs alpha statistics is basic tool to calculate and generally, its value should be above the acceptable threshold of 0.70. Moreover, George et al. (2000) explained that Cronbachs alpha is the basic criterion for reliability issue of scales being utilized. Foregoing in view, the items of scale in each construct as mentioned below were tested using coefficient alpha value for each construct as exhibited in Table 1. Table 01: Reliability Statistics Constructs Cronbachs Alpha 1 Intrinsic Motivation Items .81 2 Self-Determination Items .76 3 Self-Regulation Items .83 4 Self-Esteem Items .88 5 Idea Generation and Creativity Items .84 6 Creativity Culture Items .82 As a mater of fact, the Cronbachs Alpha values for measure items used in this study are ranging from 0.76 to 0.88 as shown in Table 01, which exhibits reliability of measures developed. This totally in line with argument of Bagozzi and Yi (1988) that combined reliabilities measures of constructs used in particular study must exceed the 0.70 only then results can be relied. Besides, in order to check potential multicollinearity issue in the data to confirm discriminant validity of construct used, the correlations of possible related constructs were also computed. This recommended by Hair et al. (1998) by arguing that no single pair of measures should have correlations among them more than the criterion i.e. 0.9 and above. So, the computed values exhibited below portray that multicollinearity in the data construct is not reported among the study constructs that we used. The correlations values are shown in Table 02 given as follows:- Table 02: Correlations LC RATP TR EV MOS Interest Gender Education LC 1 RA TP -0.1473 1 TR EV 0.0508 0.1421 1 MOS 0.1212 0.1749 0.6144 1 Interest 0.0338 -0.0329 0.0650 0.1890 1 Gender 0.2258 0.0596 -0.0507 -0.0859 -0.0105 1 Education 0.1245 -0.0503 0.1232 0.0408 -0.0183 0.0285 1 Idea generation -0.0661 0.2992 0.5910 0.6554 0.0561 -0.0334 0.0102 As a result of the various tests performed to check the unidimensionality of data, its reliability and discriminant validity confirm internal as well as external validity of the instrument used for data collection. Procedure Survey questionnaire, interview and observation will be used in order to gather primary data from the respondents. Surveys are the most common form of research method for collection of primary data (Commonwealth of Learning, 2000). A questionnaire was used for collecting data from employees of Leading TV channels. An attempt was made to increase the likelihood of obtaining the true score on need for autonomy, general self-efficacy, and self-leadership strategies rather than scores with systematic error by reducing evaluation apprehension (Donaldson Grant-Vallone, 2002; Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Lee, Podsakoff, 2003). Respondents were assured of anonymity, and they were informed that there was no right or wrong answers (Podsakoff et al.). The questionnaires were administered in a group setting at the start of class sessions and respondents took approximately 15 minutes to complete the survey. By following sampling technique of random sample, a questionnaire with closed-ended statements was administered initially to HR Manager of the TV channels via email and a web link, where questionnaire was online available, was forwarded to them for giving responses from potential respondents. Initially, the response rate was very low i.e. 10 % of potential 200 respondents. So, in order to expedite the data collection process, the HR, marketing and creative department were contacted via phone so that to get an appointment for self administered survey. Self-report information was also gathered from respondents regarding gender, age, and tenure. In order to address issues of self-report bias, Podsakoff and Organ (1986) suggested that researchers may reorder the items on the questionnaire so the criterion variable follows the independent variables. This scale reordering procedure was intentional as an attempt to reduce self-report bias, because all the variables in the study were obtained from the same respondents using a single survey.